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Alevel Geog > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Types of coast

A 
Rocky(or cliffed)
Coastal plains(alluvial coasts)
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2
Q

Classification of coasts

A 
Formation processes (primary-land based (deposition)) (secondary-marine erosion/deposition) 
Relative sea level change(sub/emergent)
Tidal range 
Wave energy (low-sheltered,limited fetch)(high-exposed,long fetch,powerful waves)
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3
Q

Contrasting coastlines

A 
Cliffed coast (chalk@flambourough head) 
Sandy coastline (coastal plain@belgium) 
Estuarine coast (mouths of river@hampshire,Lymington)
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4
Q

Sub-aerial processes

A

Weathering
Mass movement
Surface run off

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5
Q

Erosion resistance

A

Clastic or cryalltaline rocks
Type of rock (reactivity)
Degree of cracks, fractures, fissures.

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6
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Balancing forces of deposition and erosion.

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7
Q

Geological structure

A

Strata
Deformation
Faulting

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8
Q

Concordant coast

A

Rock strata run parallel (lulworth cove, Dorset)

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9
Q

Discordant coast

A

Diff strata intersect at angles to coast so geology varies. (West cork)

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10
Q

Geological features influencing cliff profiles

A

Faults
Joints
Fissures

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11
Q

Cliff profiles

A

Seaward dip (low/high angle)
Landward dip
Horizontal dip

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12
Q

Geological features effecting erosion

A

Faults
Fissures
Joints

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13
Q

Rates of erosion

A

Igneous - very slow
Metaphoric - slow
Sedimentary - moderate/fast

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14
Q

Pore water pressure

A

Pressure water experiences at a point below the water table due to the weight of water above it.

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15
Q

Coastal vegetation stabilises sediment by ..

A

Roots bind particles.
Protective layer so surface sediment not directly exposed.
Protect against wind erosion.
(Reduce wind speed by friction)

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16
Q

Halophytes

A

Can tolerate salt water

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17
Q

Xerophytes

A

Tolerate any conditions(eg. Dunes where little water)

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18
Q

Plant succession

A

Changing structure of a plant community over time.

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19
Q

Pioneer species

A

Specialised species grow in sand or mud start succession.

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20
Q

Serial stage

A

Each step in plant succession

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21
Q

Climatic climax community

A

End result of succession

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22
Q

Psammosere

A

Sand dune ecosystem

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23
Q

Halosere

A

Salt marsh ecosystem

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24
Q

Wave size depends on…

Study These Flashcards
A

Strength of wind
Duration of wind
Water depth
Wave fetch

25
Waves and tides
Waves - friction between wind and water, energy from wind transferred to water. Tides - gravitational pull of moon acting on water.
26
Beach profiles may change due to...
Sediment supply from rivers (dam construction traps sediment) Interference along coast Changes to climate
27
Constructive waves
``` Low wave height Long wave length ‘Spilling/surging waves’ Strong swash Weak backwash ```
28
Destruction
``` High wave height Short wave length ‘Plunging waves’ Strong backwash Weak swash ```
29
Beach morphology
Shape of the beach and it’s features.
30
Most erosion occurs when...
``` Waves are largest (wind sowed&fetch) Waves approach 90degrees to cliff Tide is high Heavy rainfall Debris removed ```
31
Processes of erosion
Hydraulic action Abrasion Attrition Corrosion/solution
32
Long shore drift
Wave crests approach at an angle, the swash and backwash follow diff angles up the beach.(zig zag) Net movement of sediment.
33
Processes of transportation
Traction Saltation Suspension Solution
34
Swash aligned
Wave crests approach parallel to the coast(limited LSD) eg. Bay head beach
35
Drift aligned
Wave crests break at an angle(consistent LSD)
36
Gravity settling
Occurs when transportation energy becomes low so large sediment deposits first etc.
37
Flocculation
Small particles remain suspended and they clump together and become large enough to sink.
38
Depositional landforms
``` Spit Bay head beach Tombolo Barrier beach Cuspate foreland Recurves spit ```
39
Sediment cell model
Sources Transfer zones Sinks
40
Weathering
Mechanical (freeze-thaw,salt crystallisation) Chemical (oxidation,carbonation,hydrolysis) Biological (plant roots,rock boring)
41
Mass movement
``` Fall Topple Slide Rotational slide/slumping Flow ```
42
Isostatic change
Regression(fall) - weight of ice causes crust to sag. | Transgression(rise) - land sinks due to accretion and deposition.
43
Eustatic change
Regression(fall)- water evaporated to make ice on land. | Transgression(rise)- melting ice returned to sea.
44
Ria
Drowned river valley caused by sea level rise.
45
Fjords
Drowned coastline/valley diff to ria as always u shaped and often deeper than adjacent sea.
46
What can effect sea level rise?
Thermal expansion(global warming) Melting of glaciers Melting of ice sheets Change in tectonic activity
47
Erosion threat factors
``` Long wave fetch Sift geology Cliff weaknesses Vulnerable to mass movement and weathering Strong LSD Human interference (sediment cell) ```
48
Ords
Deep hollows on beach running parallel to base of cliff.
49
Reasons to inhabit coastal areas
Tourism Deltas ideal for trade Delta fertile for farming
50
Storm surges caused by..
Depressions(low pressure) | Tropical cyclone
51
Hard engineering | Disadvantaged&advantages
``` Advantages Obvious something is being done Can last for a long time Disadvantages High costs Prone to failure Unattractive Effect sediment cell further along ```
52
Cost of engineering depend on..
``` Extreme ness (tides and waves) Size of structures Degree to which they look natural ```
53
Soft engineering
Works with nature and usually less obvious but cheaper
54
Soft engineering techniques
Beach nourishment Dune stabilisation Cliff stabilisation
55
Holistic/integrated coastal management
Entire zone is managed Manages across political boundaries Recognises importance of coast to people
56
Sustainable management must..
``` Plan for long term Work with natural processes Involve all stakeholders Adopt adaptive management Eg. ICZM protocol ```
57
Policy decision options
No active intervention Hold the line Managed realignment Advance the line
58
Sustainable coastal management
``` Managing natural resources Managing flood and erosion Create alternative livelihoods Adapt to rising sea levels Educate communities Monitor change ```
59
Hard engineering strategies
``` Riprap Rock breakwater Sea wall Revetments Groynes ```

Alevel Geog (10 decks)

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