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COASTS! Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the littoral zone?

A

a series of sub-zones to represent the features of the wider coastline from sea to land

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2
Q

sub-zones of the littoral zone:

A

foreshore
nearshore
backshore
offshore

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3
Q

what do concordant coastlines have?

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock parallel to the coast

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4
Q

what kind of cliff profile do bedding planes that dip towards the sea create?

A

gentle

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5
Q

types of coastline:

A

discordant

concordant

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6
Q

names of coastlines:

A

concordant (aka Pacific coasts)

discordant (aka Atlantic coasts)

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7
Q

what is the dip?

A

the angle that the rock layer forms with the horizontal bedding plane

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8
Q

what is an example of a rock type in Dorset is most resistant to erosion?

A

Portland limestone

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9
Q

what are Dalmatian coasts?

A

made up of offshore islands and coastal inlets running parallel to the coast eg. Lulworth Cove, SW Dorset coastline

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10
Q

which kind of rock is most susceptible to erosion and weathering?

A

sedimentary

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11
Q

bedrock lithology:

A

igneous eg. basalt, granite
sedimentary eg. limestone, chalk
metamorphic eg. slate, marble

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12
Q

what are typical plants that colonise embryo and foredunes?

A

sea rocket and sea crouch- have deep roots and can tolerate high concentrations of salt

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13
Q

which type of dune plant can withstand high concentrations of salt from seawater?

A

halophyte

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14
Q

which are some mobile dunes nearer the sea?

A

yellow dunes
foredunes
embryo dunes

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15
Q

bedrock lithology:

A

the physical properties of different rocks

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16
Q

igneous rocks:

A

form from the crystallisation of magma

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17
Q

sedimentary rocks:

A

form from build up, compacting and hardening of sediments into layers over time by lithification

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18
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

formed from the change in the structure of sedimentary and igneous rocks, caused by variations in heat and pressure

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19
Q

types of wave:

A

constructive waves

destructive waves

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20
Q

what are the processes of erosion that affect coastal landscapes?

A

hydraulic action
abrasion
attrition
corrosion

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21
Q

corrosion:

A

when there is a chemical reaction between the seawater and susceptible rocks

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22
Q

abrasion:

A

where pieces of rock are picked up by waves and hit against the bed, beach or cliffs

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23
Q

hydraulic power:

A

where the force of the waves hitting against other rock causes the rock to break down

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24
Q

attrition:

A

where pieces of bedload are hit against one another

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25
erosion of headland -> landforms:
cave arch stack stump
26
formation of wave cut platforms:
erosion causes a wave-cut notch to form erosion of the wave-cut notch causes the rock above it to collapse waves wash away the collapsed material and begin eroding the cliff again multiple collapsing events lead to the cliff retreating leaving behind a wave-cut platform
27
examples of coastal landforms created by the erosion of headlands:
cave stack arch
28
when does longshore drift happen?
when waves move up the beach at an angle because of a prevailing wind direction
29
examples of coastal landforms caused by deposition:
bar spit beach
30
what are transfers in the sediment cell concept?
longshore drift onshore and offshore winds tides
31
the process of longshore drift:
wind approaches coast at an angle swash moves up beach at this angle backwash falls back to sea at right angles to coastline next swash comes in at same angle and deposits sediment further down beach
32
what are spits?
long fingers of sand sticking out from one side in a coastline. often have salt marshes behind them
33
when is a bar formed?
when a spit grows across a bay
34
what is the sediment cell concept?
a closed system operated by sources, transfers and sinks driven by erosion, transportation and deposition processes
35
what are the sources in the sediment cell concept?
subaerial processes erosional processes sediments brought coastline by rivers
36
salt weathering:
seawater gets into cracks in rocks salt crystals form when seawater evaporates salt crystals expand and put pressure on rock repeated evaporation of saltwater widens cracks
37
weathering processes:
biological weathering chemical weathering mechanical weathering
38
what are slumps?
a type of mass movement in which material moves with a rotation
39
what are slides?
type of mass movement in which material moves in a straight line
40
what is the main type of mechanical weathering affecting coasts?
salt weathering
41
types of mass movement:
slumps slides rockfalls
42
isostatic change processes:
during an ice age the weight of the ice makes the land sink the ice age finishes the land rebounds back up like a spring
43
what is the name for the change causing land to either rise or sink at the boundaries where tectonic plates meet?
tectonic change
44
types of coastlines that cause the formation of different landforms:
emergent | submergent
45
according to the IPCC, how much had sea levels risen between 1901-2010?
0.19m
46
what is an example of eustatic change?
water is stored in the form of ice when the world is experiencing an ice age which causes the sea level to fall. as the world moves out of an ice age the ice melts which results in the sea levels rising again
47
an example of an emergent coastline:
Fife (Scotland)
48
how will the increased frequency of storms caused by climate change affect coasts?
strong winds create high energy destructive waves more material can be transported and for greater distances frequency of storm surges will increase
49
what is an example of a subaerial process that increases the rate of coastal recession?
mass movement
50
what is the rate of coastal recession varied and caused by?
several factors including short and long term wind direction, tides, seasons, weather systems and storm occurrence
51
what does dredging involve?
the removal of sediment for use in construction
52
impacts of dredging:
sediment is removed in dredging removal of sediment causes the depth of the ocean to increase there are more destructive waves at the coast because they can maintain their energy further towards the shoreline the coast gets eroded more quickly so coastal recession is sped up
53
the effect of tides on coastal retreat:
when the gravitational pull is at its strongest, there are high tides when the gravitation pull is at its weakest, there are low tides
54
impacts of climate change on coastal flooding:
1. changing frequency and intensity of low pressure depressions 2. causes oceans to warm, triggering these low pressure systems 3. causes more unusual weather conditions
55
how is the disturbance of mangroves in the Maldives leading to increased wave energy and height?
because the trees would normally act as a barrier helping to dissipate wave’s energy before it reaches land
56
what threatens the lives of people living near the coast in Bangladesh?
storm surge
57
consequences of coastal flooding in the Maldives:
threatens freshwater sources tourism industry declining risk of being completely submerged
58
losses from coastal recession: and
economic: eg. UK economy lost £1.2bn from disruption caused by 2 month closure of railway, eg. $216bn worth of infrastructure lost to rising sea levels in Australia social: eg. people in Maldives relocating, eg. jobs in tourism in Maldives declining
59
examples of hard engineering coastal defences:
``` sea walls groynes rip-rap offshore breakwaters revetments ```
60
what is a cost of beach nourishment and reprofiling?
removing sand and shingle from the seabed threatens certain organisms such as corals and sponges
61
pros and cons of offshore breakwaters:
:( expensive to install :) provides calmer conditions behind breakwater :( can cause wave patterns to change :) allow the beach to be used safely for recreational sports
62
examples of soft engineering coastal defence strategies:
cliff regrading dune regeneration beach nourishment and reprofiling
63
the ICZM:
created in 1992 at the Earth Summit considers social, economic and environmental implications considers implication of coastal recession on local economy
64
what does ICZM stand for?
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
65
shoreline management approaches:
strategic realignment hold the existing defences advance the line no active intervention
66
what does CBA stand for?
cost- benefit analysis
67
what does no active intervention mean?
no management used along the coastline with physical processes allowed to work naturally
68
ways to assess whether to manage a coastline:
CBA determines economic value | EAI determines implications on environment
69
what does EIA stand for?
Environmental Impact Assessments

Physical Geography (7 decks)

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