Coasts Flashcards

Question

what is rockfall/blockfall?

Answer 1

- most likely to occur when strong, jointed and steep rock faces/cliffs are exposed to mechanical weathering or marine erosion, happens on slopes over 40 degres - once broken away, it can form scree at the bottom of the cliff blockfalls- similar to rock falls but here a large block of rock falls away from the cliff as a single piece.

Answer 2

Flows occur when unconsolidated fine grained sediment, e.g. silts and clays, mix with large volumes of water. They're common in weak rocks such as clay or unconsolidated sands. They become saturated, lose their cohesion, and flow downslope. - difference between a slide and a flow is that in a slide the material remains intact but in a flow the material becomes jumbled up

Answer 3

Landward dipping- they are relatively steep and stable, decreasing recession rates Seaward dip- high angle produces low-angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea, low angle produces steep face with overhanging rocks Horizontal dipping- vertical profiles with notches where weaker strata have been eroded, reflecting weathering and small scale mass movement

Answer 4

- it is the zone extending seaward from the low water line beyond the surf zone, it defines the area influenced by the nearshore or lowshore - Shallow water close to the tide line but covered by water at normal low tides Here we see the formation of ridges and runnels.

Answer 5

- they are bends in rocks formed by pressure during tectonic activity which makes rocks buckle and crumple - the main two types are anticlines and synclines - folden rock is often more heavily fissured and jolted, meaning they are more easily eroded, also increases erosion by increasing angle of dip and causing joins through the stretching along anticline crests an compressed in syncline troughs

Answer 6

- groundwater flows through the permeable sands but cannot through the impermeable clay. water flow along the sand/clay interface weakens the material leading to slumping - poor water pressure (the internal force within cliffs exerted by groundwater) in the saturated layers pushes rock particles apart, reduces fractions and lubricates lines of weaknesses - wave cut notches are created by erosion of the weak coal layers with more resistant siltstone overhanging the coal below - the resistant rock creates a 'bench' feature at the cliff base

Answer 7

- lithology and structure of a cliff can determine mass movements it is vulnerable to - weathering processes can contribute to the loosening of cliff faces so that mass movements are more likely - water from rainfall is often a key cause of mass movements - angle of the slope will also affect vulnerability

Answer 8

it is worked out by seeing if the benefits outweigh the costs and so a value of the land is a key consideration in the decision making process - it is controversial as the value of property is dependant on how at risk it is as a home, at very high risk it could be worth norhing whereas a very similar house which is safe could be worth £300k - some human costs (worry, stress) and environmental costs (value of biodiversity) are very hard to quantify in financial terms

Answer 9

produces steep profiles on 70º-80º as downward gravitational force pulls loosened blocks into place, very stable with few rock falls when it develops horizontal joints it will encourage weathering and mass movement

Answer 10

this where the cliff profile is stepped due to lithology or fractures in the rock. - it can often form after slumping

Answer 11

a curved indentation of about 1-2m high extending along the base of a cliff. it forms between the high and low tide marks, where destructive waves impact against the cliff.

Answer 12

- formed when he stress of pressure not which a rock is subjected, exceeds its internal strength (causing it to fracture). the faults then slip along fault planes. - it significantly increases erosion since faulted rocks are much more easily jointed - huge forces are involved in faulting and displacing them and therefore either side of the fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured example: in bantry bay in cork in the republic of Ireland there is a major fault which runs SW-NE down the centre of the bays. the limestone is weakened allowing rapid fluvial erosion

Answer 13

waves are created through friction between the wind and water surface, transferring energy from the wind into the water. this generates ripples, which grows into waves whedn the wind is sustained.

Answer 14

where cliffs are composed of differing lithology, leads to different sections of a cliff eroding/receding at different rates. it can also be produced when there are alternating permeable and non-permeable strata they may form a 'bench' feature at the cliff base and further up overhanging sections until they collapse by mass movement. however, the overall rate of recession is determined by the resistance of the weakest rock layer

Answer 15

- (vertical cracks), these are fractures caused either by contraction as sediments dry out or by earth movements during uplift - they are fractures created without displacement and occur in most rocks, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape - jointing increases erosion rates by creating fissures which marine erosion processes such as HA can exploit example: in bantry bay, the limestone is heavily pointed, leading to more rapid fluvial and marine processes in adjacent sandstones

Answer 16

destructive waves scour beach winter and create offshore bars and flatter beaches - destructive waves occur at a higher frequency - berms are eroded by plunging waves and high-energy swash - strong backwash transports sediment offshore (offshore bars are made) - destructive, high-energy waves dominate in the winter, lowering angle of beach profile and spreading shingle over the whole beach

Answer 17

ICZM takes a holistic approach to a coastline and it required cooperation from stakeholders so conflict is inevitable it dates from the Rio Earth summit in 1992 and it has three main features: - that the entire coastal zone needs to be managed rather than individual towns or cities - the importance of the coastal zone to people's livelihoods and well-being ICZM works well with the concept of sediment cells, each cell can be managed as a holistic unit. - this is normally present along a long coastline, e.g Namibia (sea level rise different along coast, economic value differ) the main 4 things it should incorporate are: - plan for the long term - involve all stakeholders and ensure that they have a say in any policy decisions - follow an 'adaptive' approach to unforseen changes - try to work with natural processes rather than against them

Answer 18

if the cliff consists of a permeable layer above an impermeable layer it can become unstable after heavy rain due to pore pressure. so by inserting pipes to take out the water that has percolated through, saturation is prevented and it is less likely to slump example: Barton-On-Sea, Hampshire advantages: - drainage is cost-effective - In-cliff drainage reduces pore-water pressure and mass movement risk disadvantages: - not aesthetically pleasing - can weaken the cliff when inserted, they dry out leading to them to collapse,disturbing the cliff stability - cannot prevent weathering and subsequent rock fall

Answer 19

refers to the physical characteristics of the rock. igenous, metamorphic, sedimentary and unconsolidated rock each have different characteristics. it also influences geological structure on a meso (medium scale) and micro scale (some types of rocks are more likely to have joints and bedding planes)

Answer 20

- their crystalline structure (interlocking cystals) means they are well connected and impermeable with few lines of weaknesses (resistant) - these rock types create rocky coastlines with steep profile cliffs - erosion rates: 0.1-.0.3 cm/yr - e.g. granite, basalt - example: lands end, Cornwall (granite)

Answer 21

1) educating communities to understand why change is needed and how to adapt 2) monitoring coastal change and adapting to unexpected trends 3) creating alternative livelihoods before existing ones are lots to the sea 4) managing natural resources (fish,farmland,water supplies) to ensure long-term productivity 5) managing flood and erosion risk where possible, managed retreat and soft engineering 6) adapting to rising sea levels by relocating, alternative building methods and water supplies

Answer 22

the relief or height and slope of land is also affected by geology and geological structure. there is a direct relationship between rock type, lithology and cliff profiles

Answer 23

the southwest due to the long fetch along the atlantic

Answer 24

rock boring clams and molluscs bore (dig) into rock to make their homes. they can also secrete acids that dissolves rocks. sedimentary rocks in the intertidal zone are vulnerable. - piddocks drill depressions into sock rocks by rotating their shell equipped with sharp edges - effects: holes and weaknesses created are vulnerable to erosion and further weathering plant roots - tree and plant roots growing into cracks can slowly widen them and cause them to break apart. important process on vegetated cliff faces. - seeds falling into cracks in rocks can germinate, nourished by rainwater and nutrients from wind-blown sediment. as the plant grows its roots expand and thicken, tree roots exert sufficient tensional force to widen the crack - effects: eventually angular fragments of rock break away as cobble or boulder-sized sediment, rock falls seaweed acids - some seaweed species like kelp contain pockets of sulphuric acid that can burst on rocks and dissolve them - when the cells break sulphuric acid attacks rock minerals like calcium carbonate leading to a chemical reaction similar to carbonation - effects: leads to crumbling of the cliff as sections are no longer bonded together

Answer 25

the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave cut notches or changes in slope areas

Answer 26

freeze thaw - water gets into the cracks and freezes and expands up to 9%. this exerts pressure on the cracks which loosens and breaks apart rock. most vulnerable are well jointed rocks, only happens when daily temperatures fluctuate around zero degrees. - effects: creates angular rock fragments at the base of the cliffs called scree and a jagged cliff face. also can contribute to large rock falls. salt crystallisation - salt spray or waves hitting cliffs makes them wet with seawater. this evaporates and leaves salt in cracks on the cliff. overtime, salt crystals form and grow, exerting pressure on the cracks and pores which loosens and breaks apart rocks. most vulnerable are well jointed rocks (limestone) and porous rocks (sandstone). happens most in hotter climates - effects: creates angular rock fragments at the base of cliffs called scree. some rock faces crumble away. wetting and drying - rocks rich in clay expand when they get wet and contract when they dry. this repeated process causes them to crack and break apart - effects: cracks form in cliffs so they become vulnerable to slumping.

Answer 27

- they chose the 'no active intervention' in the immediat efuture as defending the area would have an impact on the wider coastal management plan. it would block LSD and cause further erosion downdrift. - longer term plan is managed realignment - the median cost of building defences here is £6 million. this is very close to the value of property that could be saved and much higher than the compensation costs payable to local residents - coastal managers argue that the area should be seen in the wider context of the whole SMP, further justifying the decision not to defend the village

Answer 28

positives: social winners- helped alleviate poverty by 10% by generating income opportunities reduced disaster risk, road flooding 5 days a year rather than 20 environmental winners- environmental enhancement through growing trees negatives: - disturbance of people and habitats especially during construction - conflicts with environmentalists over the permanent removal of natural vegetation - relocation of 200 people by road realignment - slow progress on road embankments winners: farmers, local community seeking jobs,market sellers losers: community who are relocated and disturbed by construction , environmentalists through removal of natural vegetation

Answer 29

- small-scale features such a scales and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile - the location of these micro-features are often controlled by the location of faults and/or strata which have a high amount of joints and fissures

Answer 30

when the land is in a triangle shape and so it becomes narrower and shallower towards the coast it means that wave height increases as the volume of water is in a smaller space. this is seen at the bay of bengal in bangladesh

Answer 31

positives: - the gov started providing grant aid of £5000 to assist with demolition costs and £1000 for relocation costs - they obtained a gov allocation of £3 million partly because of its emphaiss on ICZM and stakeholder engagement - all but caravan park were able to relocate due to difficulties of finding an alternative site - the community remains the same size and profits from the sale of the new houses will be used in the future to buy properties of those under threat from CE negatives - by 2105, the shoreline may recede by 200m with a loss of a further 50 homes, caravan sites and property losses totalling £6m - in 2003, the lifeboat and beach access ramp were lost, prompting concerns for their tourism - house values are very low and people cannot afford to move elsewhere - there is no national system of compensation but campaigning led to pathfinder project where people along beach road were offered half the non blighted value of their home to help them relocate, houses now demolished to create buffer, all but one took it - there could be a promontary effect where erosion comes either sides and comes round the back - the existing rip rap will have limited effect on the rate of recession in the short term winners: - those who have successfully relocated social winners: originally there was no national system of compensation but those along beach road were offered half the non blighted value of their home to help them relocate through the pathfinder project, £1.4 million set aside for 'purchase and lease-back' losers: social losers: those who are closest to cliff face who cannot afford to relocate economic losers: businesses relying on tourism industry after seeing in 2003 the beach access ramp and lifeboat being lost to sea social losers: local residents initially until they campaigned and were offered half the blighted value of their homes - local council, large costs of relocating

Answer 32

they vary in their morphology depending on lithology and weathering are actively eroded by wave action or they are affected by sub-aerial processes

Answer 33

- most effective during high energy storm events with large destructive waves - most effective in winter, in high energy storms - faster when the tide is high - sedimentary rocks with joints are more vulnerable to HA and abrasion - limestone and chalk vulnerable to solution

Answer 34

- they aggrade a beach - low waveheight, long wavelength - swash > backwash - brings sediment back to the sea - builds beach up - 6-8 break/minute - low energy - spilling breaker - flat beach

Answer 35

1) geology 2) lithology 3) weathering 4) mass movement - how reactive minerals in the rock are when exposed to chemical weathering - whether rocks are clastic (less) or crystalline (more resistant) - the degree to which rocks have cracks, fractures and fissures

Answer 36

erosion also involves the transport of sediment away from the cliffs, the erosion occurs by an external agent

Answer 37

- management that meets the need of the present and future (environmental, social and economic) it is increasingly based on adaptation strategies due to increasing recession rates

Answer 38

rocks that have jointed or having bedding planes parallel to the slope are susceptible to landslides. increased water leads to less friction, leading to sliding

Answer 39

the slowest form of mass movement, an almost continuous process, it is a very slow downhill movement of individual soil particles

Answer 40

- the strength of the wind - how long has the wind been blowing for - the length of the fetch

Answer 41

produces a sloping, low-angled profile with vulnerable rock layers, loosened by weathering. rocks slip down the bedding plane creating an angled cliff face = talus/scree

Answer 42

as constructive waves have a weaker backwash can only transport smaller particles down the beach. this leads to the sorting of material with larger, heavier shingle at the back of the beach (storm beach) through the powerful storm waves in extreme high tides having the energy to transport here and the sand drawn back closer to the sea. the backwash only has enough energy to transport down smaller sediment, not aided by the percolation. they also become more angular at the back of the beach and rounder at the front of the beach.

Answer 43

if the cliff lithology is unstable and vulnerable to slumping after heavy rainfall, engineers calculate a stable angle for the particular rock and the cliff is artificially cut back, reducing its angle to make it more stable. example: Barton-On-Sea, Hampshire advantages: - regrading can work on clay or loose rock where other methods won't work - allows the build up of the beach disadvantages: - very expensive (about £1 million) - unaesthetically pleasing, not natural, can be disruptive during construction - cliff line retreats into valuable land when constructed - not full proof in extreme conditions, other measures needed

Answer 44

macro scale- concordant and discordant coastlines (encourages headlands and bays or coves) meso scale- (measured on a stretch of cliff) dip of strata (bedding planes), differential erosion from mixed lithology layers micro scale- (measured on a single cliff) joints, these are vulnerable to HA, freeze thaw, salt crystallisation and bio weathering

Answer 45

1) waves move across open ocean in circular motion as ocean swell 2) as the waves reach shallower water, when their wave height is less than half the wavelength then friction increases slowing the wave down for the circular oscillations to become more so elliptical 3) as the wavelength decreases due to the shallower water, wave height increases and eventually the wave breaks as the top of the wave is moving faster than the base 4) the waves then lose enrgy and gravity pulls the water back as backwash

Answer 46

sand is dredged from the seabed and pumped onto the beach to replenish it from the effect of LSD or destructive waves. the beach can be 'reprofiled' to recreate its original shape. example: Pevensey Bay, Sussex advantages: - it looks natural and blends in with the existing beach - it increases tourist potential by creating a bigger beach - beach absorbs wave energy disadvantages: - will need to be done every few years as LSD/destructive waves will continue to remove beach sediment, ongoing costs are high - can disrupt the marine ecosystem or the natural sediment cycling and deepening offshore so waves have more energy

Answer 47

- they are the least resistant, they are not cemented together in anyway so are very vulnerable to erosion, fast recession rates - can create slumped coastlines due to mudslides/landslides causing slumping, stepped profile through rotational slumping - the boulder clay of Holderness coast in Yorkshire retreats at a rate of 2-10 m p.a - boulder clay erosion rates: 100-1000 cm/yr, sandstone rate: 10-100 cm/yr

Answer 48

produces a steep profile that may even exceed 90 degrees, creating areas of overhanging rock, vulnerable to rock falls, it encourages weathering and mass movement

Answer 49

- no active intervention due to promontory effect, blocking LSD for downdrift - by 2105, the shoreline may recede by 200m and 50 homes will be lost - they have repeatedly failed to quanitfy for gov grants for coastal defences. managed retreat has been operated which has caused conflict among locals and especially residents of beach road on the coastline - the gov started proviidng grant aid of £5000 to assist with demolition costs and £1000 for relocation costs - no national compensation but campaigning led to pathfinder project where £1.4million was set aside for 'purchase and lease-back' of 11 houses on beach road to create a buffer zone between the eroding cliff and the main village, people offered half the value of their home to relocate, all but one took it - they have spent lots of money relocating important sites like the caravan park (450k) and taking out the defences - lobbying by the CCAG and others have led to a change in the SMPZ policy for them to follow 'managed realignment' which allows for some coastal defences if funding can be found

Answer 50

it makes use of natural systems such as beaches, sand dunes and salt marshes to help with coastal defence beach nourishment cliff regrading and drainage dune stabilisation

Answer 51

the area between the HWM and the LWM. The most important zone for marine processes. Only exception is during storm events (the tidal range), if it is a small tidal range there are fewer processes.

Answer 52

a vertical or near-vertical profile, notches reflect weathering and small scale mass movement

Answer 53

they are processes that affect the cliff face rather than the cliff foot. they are land-based processes which later the shape of the coastline. they are a combination of weathering and mass movement

Answer 54

this is the uninterrupted distance across water over which the wind blows and therefore the distance waves have to grow in size

Answer 55

Blackwater estuary, Essex - the west mersea fisherman were concerned that sediments could choke and kill oysters and water sea level changes could remove oyster habitats - the RSPB were concerned about the increased erosion and flooding of their site opposite the farm which could change bird habitats Chittagong, Bangladesh - environmentalists concerned about the permanent removal of natural vegetation - local communities concerned about the fact that 200 people would have to be relocated, breaking up communities Maldives - there is conflict over adaption to SLR. Currently the government have prioritised protecting capital city of Malé and its tourism industry but it is not prioritising smaller communities that rely on traditional industries (farming, fishing) - Smaller communities left to seek help from NGOs and other governments (mangroves for the future educating on the restoration of mangroves and the Japanese gov funding mangrove nurseries, Global environment facility supplying small grants to islanders to help them develop organic farming and move away from coral reef Happisburgh They have chosen a no active intervention approach after doing a CBA - this has caused conflict between local residents and the authorities as people are having to relocate losing their home and community, beach road residents relocated and given half the value of their home but people believe their homes are worth a lot more, shoreline said to recede by 200m by 2105, house values are very low and so people cannot afford to move elsewhere - lobbying by the CCAG led to a change in policy to allow for some defences if funding is found

Answer 56

these become greater in hotter and wetter climates carbonation - this is where limestone slowly dissolves as it reacts with weak carbonic acid - This attacks calcium carbonate in limestones, other carbonate rocks and sedimentary rocks with calcite sediment. - effects: joints and cracks get wider on cliffs and wave cut platforms. this makes them more vulnerable to other weathering and mass movement processes oxidation - oxygen combines with iron based minerals in a rock causing a chemical breakdown of the minerals shown by red rusty colour on the rock face. it produces iron oxides and increases in volume, leading to mechanical breakdown. sandstones and shales often contain iron so are vulnerable. - effects: leads to crumbling of the cliff as sections are no longer bonded together

Answer 57

abrasion- the rubbbing together of hard load, sand paper effect attrition- rocks bashing into one another breaking them down hydraulic action- air trapped in cracks and fissures is compressed by the force of the waves crashing against the cliff face. when the wave retreats, pressure is released explosively which can widen cracks and dislodge blocks friom the cliff face solution- where water in waves dissolves rock minerals

Answer 58

These are small-scale features such as wave-cut notches, caves, stacks or blow holes. They are normally formed through the presence of faults and strata which have a high amount of joints and fissures.

Answer 59

- refers to the angle at which rock strata lie (horizontally, vertically, dipping towards the sea or dipping inland) - its a tectonic feature, sedimentary rocks deposited horizontally can be tilted by faulting and folding by tectonic forces

Answer 60

The angular blockfall debris accumulates at the cliff foot to form a talus scree slope, a fan shaped mound of material. formed from a blockfall

Answer 61

protecting this ecosystem can provide natural protection for the coastline. it is mainly damaged by vegetation removal which can lead to blowouts. strategies include: - geotextile netting can reduce erosion but still allow water in - vegetation planting (marram grass) to encourage sand deposition - fences and boards put up so tourists don't stand on the dunes, they are given an area to walk on - afforestation with quick-growing conifers example: Studland, Dorset advantages: - can be very cost effective in the long term - it provides important wildlife habitats disadvantages: - only effective if public access controlled by fences and signs which reduces amenity value - strong storms can still cause damage - time consuming to plant marram grass - people may respond negatively to being kept off certain areas

Answer 62

the decay and disintegration of rock in situ (where they are) by mechanical, biological or chemical agents.

Answer 63

- recession rate increases if dip is towards so as weathering opens joints and gravity speeds mass movement - steep dip to the sea increases erosion rate as gravity makes bedding planes unstable and slabs slide downslope. this increases recession rates - a cliff with landward dipping bedding planes are relatively steep and stable whcih decreases recession rates - landward dip with well-developed joints will increase recession rates as joints acts as slide planes

Answer 64

the shape of a beach including width and slope (profile) and other features such as berms

Answer 65

- in order to use the latest scientific understanding - evaluate new coastal developments - ensure that any necessary developments provide social and economic benefits - ensure the overall long-term sustainability of coastal areas, will it affect other areas of the coastline? leading to: - the high costs of building and maintaining a coastal defence against large-scalel natural processes means that some locations will not be supported by gov funding - the potential loss of property and cultural heritage has led to conflict between govs and communities - the UK gov, through the environment agency and Defra encourages local communities and council to adapt themselves, e.g. through the 'pathfinder initiative'

Answer 66

- lower demand for coastal natural resources in order to protect them (loss of income) - relocation may be needed where engineering solutions are too costly - some erosion/flooding will always occur, as engineering schemes cannot protect against all threats - future trends such as SLR may change, creating uncertainty and the need to change plans

Answer 67

the hardest part is the decision making process to decide what actions to take. in the UK there are four different management options to follow: 1) no active intervention - no investment will be made in coastal defences - letting nature take its course and allowing the sea to erode and flood low-lying land 2) hold the line - trying to eliminate any further retreat of the coast, involves a mixture of hard and soft engineering - maintaining the current position of the coastline 3) advance the line (build new coastal defences on the seaward side of the existing coastlines. this usually involves land reclamation.) - may involve drainage as well as other hard engineering techniques - extending the coastline out to sea through encouraging the build up of a bigger beach the choice is generally not straightforward due to a number of factors: - the economic value of the assets that might be protected - the technical feasibility of different engineering solutions - the environmental sensitivity - the cultural and ecological value of the land that might be protected - pressure from local communities, developers and environmental groups 4) managed realignment/retreat - involves allowing the coastline to retreat but in a managed way - removal of existing hard engineering defences and using more natural and sustainable techniques including protection, management or restoration of coastal ecosystems such as salt marshes and sand dunes, e.g. porlock bay

Answer 68

constructive waves build up the beach in summer creating a steeper beach - they are steeper in summer, where constructive waves are more common than destructive. wave energy dissipates and deposits over a wide area. - as the berm builds up, the backwash becomes weaker and only has enough energy to move smaller material, so the beach material becomes smaller towards the shoreline

Answer 69

1) CBA- value of the land (properties and business that would be lost) vs the cost of the proposed management strategies 2) Environmental sensibility through EIA- short and long term positive and negative impacts on environment: changes to flora and fauna, impacts on water and air quality 3) technical feasibility- it is not possible to hold the line in all areas, e.g. dynamic deposition features such as spits 4) social and political factors- impact, pressure from communities: campaigning and loss of property, business and stress any decision also needs to be informed by the results of objective investigations, such as a CBA and EIA

Answer 70

- they are also well-connected and impermeable - however they are often folded and faulted so have weaknesses - these rock types create rocky coasltines with steep profile cliffs (depending on folding and dip) and erode slowly - erosion rates: 0.5-1 cm/yr - e.g. marble, slate, schist - crystalline rocks are resistant to erosion - example: St Ives, Cornwall (slate)

Answer 71

- homeowners - local authorities - environmental pressure groups

Answer 72

- geology, especially the resistance to erosion of the rock | - the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline

Answer 73

- the gov have prioritised protecting the capital city Male and its tourism industry over smaller communities that rely on traditional industries (farming, fishing), they have built a large sea wall around the capital - mangroves for the future is an organisation that promotes sustainable development and is helping the maldives to become more sustainably managed for the future by: 1) educating communities on the importance of maintaining coastal mangrove swamps as a natural defence against coastal erosion and flooding - the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has provided small grants to islanders to help them develop sustainable and organic farming as an alternative food and income source to coral reef fish (threatened by both overfishing and global warming) - the Japanese gov have funded mangrove nurseries on the maldives so that damaged mangrove areas can be replanted

Answer 74

by taking the area as a whole, taking into consideration each littoral cell and how they interlink. it requires making use of the concept of integrated coastal zone management. coastal communities face the dynamic nature of the coast's everyday environment and the threats we face such as rising global sea levels and increased frequency of storms and increased erosion and flooding

Answer 75

- this is where rock starts runs parallel to the coast forming bays and coves - example: the souther coast of the isle of purbeck has formed lulworth cove and kimmeridge bay due to its concordant structure§

Answer 76

the movement of material downslope as the result of gravity. water commonly acts a lubricant in mass movement.

Answer 77

any type of coastal management usually requires an EIA it is a process that aims to identify: - the long term impacts of building new sea defences or changing a policy from hold the line to no active intervention or managed realignment - the short term imapcts on the coastal environment of construction EIA involves assessments of: - impacts on water movement (hydrology) and sediment flow which can affect marine ecosystems - impacts on water quality, which can affect sensitive marine species - possible changes to flora and fauna including marine plants and marine mammals - wider environmental impacts such as air quality and noise pollution during construction

Answer 78

Winners 1) environmental winners- blackwater estuary, new habitats been created with the wetland, conflicts resolved 2) economic winners- protection of important trade areas, Namibia, different management depending on the area, sustainable, split the resources effectively to protect the area, building sea walls around areas that could not be relocated (walvis bay) and rehousing those who were mobile Losers 1) social losers originally- no compensation for homes until campaigning by the pathfinder project led to half the blighted value of the homes, all but one accepted it 2) environmental losers- Chittagong, permanent removal of natural vegetation, disturbance to environment during construction

Coasts Flashcards

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