Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geography paper 1 > Coasts Case Studies > Flashcards

Coasts Case Studies Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the rate of erosion to the coastline at Holderness?

A

2 meters per year

This significant erosion rate impacts the local geography and communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of geology do the cliffs at Holderness consist of?

A

Soft geology such as boulder clay

Soft geology is more susceptible to erosion compared to harder rock formations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of waves contribute to the erosion at Holderness?

A

Strong destructive waves

These waves cause significant damage to the coastline and cliffs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What geological process is prevalent along the Holderness coast?

A

Longshore drift

This process moves sediment along the coast, affecting erosion and deposition patterns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many villages have been lost along the Holderness coast since Roman times?

A

30 villages

This loss illustrates the dramatic impact of coastal erosion over centuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How far has the coastline retreated in terms of lost villages since Roman times?

A

4 kilometers

This distance shows the extent of coastal erosion in the region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What challenge do local councils face regarding sea defenses?

A

Struggle to afford widespread sea defences

Budget constraints limit the ability to protect vulnerable coastal areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of land has been lost due to erosion at Holderness?

A

Farm land

Loss of farmland can have significant economic implications for local communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What feelings are caused by the erosion issues at Holderness?

A

Stress and uncertainty

These emotional impacts affect local residents and their livelihoods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was installed in Holderness in 1991 to save a village and a road?

A

Rock groynes, 61,000 tonnes of rock armour, and sea walls

The total cost was £2 million.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What negative effect did the installation of coastal defenses in Holderness have?

A

Caused more erosion further south

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What method is used to survey erosion in Holderness?

A

GPS every 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How much coastline is protected in Holderness?

A

11 km of coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What improvement was made to the Hornsea sea wall?

A

£5 million scheme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What significant infrastructure does the Easington gas terminal provide?

A

25% of the UK’s gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What role does drainage play in land management in Holderness?

A

Helps to reduce landslides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the maximum wind speed recorded near Scotland during the 2013 North Sea storm?

A

140mph

This extreme wind speed contributed to the severity of the storm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was the height of the storm surges in Lincolnshire during the 2013 North Sea storm?

A

6 meters

This surge occurred after a £100 million tidal barrier was built to protect homes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many Scottish homes lost electricity during the 2013 North Sea storm?

A

100,000

The storm caused significant power outages across Scotland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many deaths were reported across Europe due to the 2013 North Sea storm?

A

15

The fatalities highlight the storm’s impact beyond the UK.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was the estimated cost of the 2013 North Sea storm to the UK?

A

£1 billion

This cost includes damages and recovery efforts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many people were evacuated during the 2013 North Sea storm?

A

18,000

Evacuations were necessary to ensure public safety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In comparison to the 2013 storm, how many deaths occurred in the UK during the 1953 storm?

A

307

The 1953 storm had a smaller surge but resulted in significantly more fatalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How much was spent on repairs in the UK after the 1953 storm?

A

£270 million

This amount reflects the extensive damage caused by that storm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What was the investment for long-term protection in the UK after the 2013 North Sea storm?
£5.2 billion ## Footnote This investment aims to enhance flood defenses and resilience.
26
How much does the US east coast barrier islands, like those in North Carolina, erode annually?
1-2 meters ## Footnote This erosion impacts coastal ecosystems and human settlements.
27
What effect has erosion had on the inland areas of the US east coast barrier islands?
Caused inland migration ## Footnote As shorelines erode, populations may need to move further inland.
28
What process is used to rebuild shores on the US east coast barrier islands?
Sand is dredged ## Footnote Dredging is a common method for replenishing eroded beaches.
29
What is the highest point in Tuvalu?
4.5 metres ## Footnote This emphasizes the vulnerability of Tuvalu to rising sea levels.
30
How high above sea level is Tuvalu?
1-2 meters ## Footnote This low elevation increases the risk of flooding from storm surges.
31
What measures have been taken in Tuvalu to protect against cyclones?
Cyclone shelters constructed ## Footnote These shelters provide safety during severe weather events.
32
Why are farmers in Tuvalu moving inland?
To stop cattle drowning and salt water encroachment ## Footnote This is a response to rising sea levels and environmental changes.
33
What is a significant consequence for residents of Tuvalu due to environmental changes?
Lots of environmental refugees going to New Zealand ## Footnote This reflects the impact of climate change on population displacement.
34
What percentage of land have some islands in Tuvalu lost?
10% ## Footnote This loss is indicative of the severe effects of climate change.
35
What can storm surges flood in Tuvalu?
40% of the islands ## Footnote This highlights the risk posed by extreme weather events.
36
What percentage of coral reef has Tuvalu lost in the last 30 years?
20% ## Footnote This loss affects biodiversity and marine ecosystems.
37
What is the highest point in Tuvalu?
4.5 metres ## Footnote This emphasizes the vulnerability of Tuvalu to rising sea levels.
38
How high above sea level is Tuvalu?
1-2 meters ## Footnote This low elevation increases the risk of flooding from storm surges.
39
What measures have been taken in Tuvalu to protect against cyclones?
Cyclone shelters constructed ## Footnote These shelters provide safety during severe weather events.
40
Why are farmers in Tuvalu moving inland?
To stop cattle drowning and salt water encroachment ## Footnote This is a response to rising sea levels and environmental changes.
41
What is a significant consequence for residents of Tuvalu due to environmental changes?
Lots of environmental refugees going to New Zealand ## Footnote This reflects the impact of climate change on population displacement.
42
What percentage of land have some islands in Tuvalu lost?
10% ## Footnote This loss is indicative of the severe effects of climate change.
43
What can storm surges flood in Tuvalu?
40% of the islands ## Footnote This highlights the risk posed by extreme weather events.
44
What percentage of coral reef has Tuvalu lost in the last 30 years?
20% ## Footnote This loss affects biodiversity and marine ecosystems.
45
What percentage of islands in the Maldives experience erosion?
97% ## Footnote This highlights the significant environmental challenges faced by the Maldives.
46
Where is most of the financial investment directed in the Maldives?
The capital island ## Footnote This can lead to uneven development across the islands.
47
Which income source is often overlooked in favor of tourism in the Maldives?
Fishing ## Footnote This indicates a potential risk for local economies reliant on diverse income sources.
48
What is the average elevation of the Maldives?
1.5 meters ## Footnote This low elevation makes the islands particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise.
49
What is predicted to happen to 80% of the Maldives by 2100?
They will be submerged ## Footnote This raises urgent concerns about climate change and rising sea levels.
50
What percentage of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives since 1998 due to El Niño?
70% ## Footnote This loss impacts marine biodiversity and local fishing industries.
51
What percentage of islands in the Maldives depend on rainwater or desalination for freshwater?
80% ## Footnote This reliance on limited freshwater sources poses challenges for sustainability.
52
What initiatives are NGOs in the Maldives focusing on?
Educating locals on mangrove planting or sea wall building ## Footnote These initiatives aim to combat erosion and protect coastal ecosystems.
53
How much funding has been raised by the UN for the Maldives?
$500 million ## Footnote This funding is aimed at addressing climate change impacts and building resilience.
54
What is the goal for housing in the Maldives by 2027?
To house 20,000 on floating houses ## Footnote This reflects innovative solutions to the challenges posed by rising sea levels.
55
How much funding did Japan provide in the 1980s for a sea wall in the Maldives?
$60 million ## Footnote This investment aimed to enhance coastal protection against erosion.
56
What is the average island elevation of Kiribati?
Less than 2 meters above sea level ## Footnote This low elevation makes the islands particularly vulnerable to sea level rise.
57
How wide are the islands of Kiribati?
Only a few meters wide ## Footnote This limited width contributes to their vulnerability to environmental changes.
58
What has been the rate of sea level rise in Kiribati over the past few decades?
3 mm a year ## Footnote This rate is faster than the global average.
59
By how much have areas of the capital of Kiribati eroded?
15 meters ## Footnote Coastal erosion poses significant risks to infrastructure and communities.
60
What percentage of freshwater wells in Kiribati have experienced saltwater intrusion?
60% ## Footnote This salinisation of freshwater affects drinking water availability.
61
What significant action has the government of Kiribati taken in 2014 regarding relocation?
Bought 20 km of land in Fiji ## Footnote This was part of a strategy to allow relocation due to climate change impacts.
62
What type of program has the UN focused on for Kiribati?
Migration with dignity program ## Footnote This program encourages migration as skilled workers rather than as climate refugees.
63
What issues have arisen with the sea walls constructed in Kiribati?
Many are failing due to poor materials ## Footnote The sea walls are only 1 meter high, while storm surges can reach 2 meters.
64
How many mangroves have been planted in Kiribati as part of management efforts?
37,000 mangroves ## Footnote Mangrove planting helps to protect coastal areas and enhance biodiversity.
65
What has the government of Kiribati spent significant portions of its budget on?
Protection against climate change impacts ## Footnote This includes various measures to safeguard the islands and their populations.
66
What is the impact of climate change on food security in Kiribati?
Reduced food security ## Footnote Climate change affects agriculture and access to food resources.
67
What percentage of the population of Bangladesh lives on the coast?
Nearly 30% ## Footnote This equates to approximately 50 million people.
68
At what elevation does Bangladesh lie?
Sea level
69
How much land does Bangladesh lose annually due to erosion?
5-10 square km
70
What is the annual rate of sea-level rise surrounding the Bay of Bengal?
20 mm
71
What percentage of Bangladesh is projected to be submerged by 2050?
17%
72
How many people are displaced annually due to coastal and river erosion in Bangladesh?
200,000
73
What has the loss of infrastructure in Bangladesh cost?
Hundreds of millions of dollars
74
What natural feature has suffered damages in Bangladesh?
Mangroves
75
How high was the storm surge during Cyclone Sidr in 2007?
6 meters
76
What were the wind speeds during Cyclone Sidr?
200 km/h
77
How many fatalities resulted from Cyclone Sidr compared to the 1991 cyclone?
3,500 fatalities
78
How many people died in the 1991 cyclone?
138,000
79
What contamination occurred to the water in Bangladesh after Cyclone Sidr?
Contaminated with salt
80
What is the typical elevation range of Bangladesh's land?
1-3 meters
81
What type of sediment in Bangladesh is easily eroded?
Unconsolidated sediment
82
What environmental issue contributed to the impact of Cyclone Sidr?
Deforestation of mangroves
83
What geographical feature concentrates waves in Bangladesh?
Funnelled bay
84
What is the population density of Bangladesh?
170 million people
85
How many people were displaced due to Cyclone Sidr?
9 million
86
How much rice was destroyed during Cyclone Sidr?
2 million tonnes
87
What type of homes are commonly found in Bangladesh?
Bamboo homes
88
What communication methods were used to alert the population during Cyclone Sidr?
Radio and TV alerts
89
How many people were able to evacuate during Cyclone Sidr due to alerts?
2 million
90
What percentage of mangroves has Indonesia lost?
70% ## Footnote This significant loss impacts biodiversity and coastal protection.
91
What is the maximum rate of land subsidence in Indonesia?
20cm a year ## Footnote This subsidence exacerbates flooding and environmental challenges.
92
Which organizations are assisting Indonesia in restoring mangroves?
NGOs ## Footnote Non-governmental organizations play a crucial role in environmental conservation.
93
What management strategy has been invested in for coastal areas in Indonesia?
Integrated coastal zone management ## Footnote This approach aims to balance environmental health with economic development.
94
What is the historical event that prompted the Netherlands to develop advanced hard engineering?
The 1953 storm surge ## Footnote This disaster led to significant loss of life and property.
95
How many people were killed by the 1953 storm surge in the Netherlands?
1,800 ## Footnote The storm surge had catastrophic effects on communities.
96
What percentage of the Netherlands was flooded during the 1953 storm surge?
10% ## Footnote This flooding caused extensive damage and raised awareness about flood risks.
97
How many buildings were destroyed in the Netherlands due to the 1953 storm surge?
10,000 ## Footnote The loss of infrastructure highlighted the need for improved flood defenses.
98
What is the name of the project in the Netherlands that consists of 13 dams and gates?
Deltawerken project ## Footnote This project is a critical component of the Netherlands' flood defense strategy.
99
What was the cost to install the Deltawerken project?
€5 billion ## Footnote This substantial investment reflects the importance of flood protection in the Netherlands.
100
What is the annual maintenance cost for the Deltawerken project?
€1 billion ## Footnote Ongoing maintenance is essential to ensure the effectiveness of flood defenses.
101
How many people in the Netherlands live below sea level?
8 million ## Footnote This population is particularly vulnerable to flooding and requires robust engineering solutions.
102
What is a notable feature of the Deltawerken project regarding its structure?
9km steel gates ## Footnote These gates are vital for managing water levels and preventing flooding.
103
What environmental consequence resulted from converting salt water to fresh water in the Netherlands?
Damaged environments ## Footnote This conversion can negatively affect local ecosystems.
104
What positive effect did the Deltawerken project have on tourism?
Attracted millions more tourists ## Footnote The project has become a point of interest for visitors to the Netherlands.
105
What type of reserves were lost due to the Deltawerken project?
Nature reserves ## Footnote This loss raises concerns about biodiversity and conservation efforts.

Geography paper 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions