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Coasts - Coastal management Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

How many people lived within the coastal zone in 1999?

A

16.9 million

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2
Q

How much of UK manufacturing lies close to the coast?

A

40%

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3
Q

How much of coastal land is built on?

A

30%

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4
Q

What are the reasons for coastal management?

A
  • Coastal Erosion
  • Coastal Flooding
  • Failure of previous defences
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5
Q

What is hold the line?

A

Maintain current defences

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6
Q

What is advance the line?

A

Build new defences seaward of existing line

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7
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allow the coastline to retreat due to flooding and erosion but closely manage the rate and location of the retreat

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8
Q

What is ‘do nothing’?

A

Low value areas left to natural coastal processes as not deemed viable to spend on defences

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9
Q

What are the social factors taken into account for coastal management?

A
  • Number of residents
  • Use of the land
  • Who is impacted if it is damaged
  • Effect of downdrift land (eroded)
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10
Q

What are the economic factors taken into account?

A
  • Value of land
  • Cost of defences
  • Cost of maintenance
  • Value of business and connections in the area
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11
Q

What are the environmental factors taken into account?

A
  • Impact on surrounding land
  • Current state of the coast
  • Habitats and environment concerned
  • Unique landforms
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12
Q

What are the political factors taken into account?

A
  • What are the alternatives?
  • Objections/opinions
  • Likelihood of success
  • Taking into account opinions of stakeholder
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13
Q

What is tangible cost benefit analysis?

A

When costs and benefits are known and can be given as a value

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14
Q

What is intangible cost benefit analysis?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are more important (e.g. visual impact)

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15
Q

What are the steps in cost benefit analysis?

A

-Where is the issue?
-What are causes and effects?
-Who is affected?
-What should be done?
-Is solution technically viable and environmentally acceptable?
-What is cost benefit?
etc.

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16
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete or stone walls at the foot of a cliff, or at the top of a beach. Usually have a curved face to reflect waves back to sea

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17
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A
  • Protects high value land

- Can prevent flooding

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A
  • Eyesore to the locals and tourists
  • Expensive to build and maintain
  • Produce strong backwash, undercutting it
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19
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock structures built at right angles to coast. Trap sediment being moved along the coast by longshore drift, building up beach

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20
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

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A
  • Very effective for building beach
  • Prevents sediment moving by LSD
  • Allows a natural defence to build up
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Remove a lot of sediment from downdrift

- Other beaches left vulnerable to erosion

22
Q

What are gabions?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bundles of rock in mesh cages at base of cliff to reduce impact of waves and prevent cliffs being undercut

23
Q

On average how much is the sea level rising per year?

24
Q

What factors need considering for coastal management?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Who is impacted
  • Is there ecological importance
  • Cost of defence
  • What are the alternatives
  • Likelihood of success
  • What is the value of the area economically
25
What is a Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)?
CBA carried out before a coastal-management project is given the go ahead. Costs are forecast and compared with expected benefits.
26
For a CBA what happens if costs exceed the benefits?
The project is unlikely to be given permission to go ahead.
27
What are some intangible factors that need to be considered for accurate CBA?
- Cost of sea defence - Maintenance of defence - How many people will be affected - How long will it last - Value of roads, infrastructure, transport systems - Value of land - People relocation costs - Economic output of place
28
What are some tangible factors that need to be considered for accurate CBA?
- Effect on the environment + environmental alternatives - Visual impact + appearance (is subjective) - Lifestyle changes - The value of historical importance
29
Historically these analyses for projects weren't conducted, what issues may have this caused?
- No regard for knock on impacts - They may not be sustainable - Didn't know what would happen elsewhere if one place was protected
30
How long are current sea defences meant to last for?
100 years, but this is unlikely due to climate change and sea level rise.
31
How many sediment cells are there in the UK?
11
32
How many SMPs are there around the coast of England and Wales?
22
33
What are Shoreline Management Plans designed for?
To identify the most sustainable approach to managing flood and coastal erosion risks to the coastline. Views it as a system because it considers the future.
34
How do SMPs work?
The coastline is split into sediment cells and for each cell or sub-cell a plan is devised for how to manage different areas with the aim of protecting important sites without causing problems elsewhere in the sediment cell.
35
What are the coastal management options for an SMP?
- Do nothing - Hold the line - Advance the line - Managed retreat/realignment
36
How do the authorities function in an SMP?
All the local authorities in one sediment cell co-operate in comping up with an SMP.
37
SMPs take a ...
holistic view of coastal management meaning it takes account of everything.
38
When were SMPs introduced?
1992
39
What are some SMPs aims?
- Assess the risk associated with coastal evolution (consequences considered, future-proof) - Address risks in sustainable way (less damage for future generations + less waste) - Ensure management plans comply with nature conservation (ecosystems not destroyed) - Provide policy for coastal management (legally must be followed) - Assess risks to developed, natural and historic environments (+ weighs it) - 'Live' documents which are constantly reviewed (up to date + things change) - Promote long term management policies into 22nd century (limit need for rebuilding in future + think if it will work long term)
40
When were Integrated Coastal Zone Management plans (ICZMs) created?
1992 after the UN Earth Summit
41
What are ICZMs designed for?
To consider all elements of the coastal system (e.g. land, water, people, the economy) when coming up with a management strategy. -Integrates the interest of all stakeholders to avoid problems like a sectoral management approach and inefficient use of resources
42
What do ICZMs aim to do?
Protect the coastal zone in a relatively natural state, whilst allowing people to use it and develop it in different ways. - Aims to co-ordinate policies that affect the coastal zone and the activities that take place there including nature conservation/protection, tourism, fishing and developments to adapt to and mitigate climate change. - Contribute to sustainable development by employing an ecosystem-based approach that operate within the limits of natural resources and ecosystems.
43
Why are all stakeholders involved in ICZMs?
It's important to involve stakeholders across the different sectors to ensure broad support for the implementation of management strategies.
44
In what ways are ICZMs integrated?
- Environment viewed as a whole - the land and water are interdependent - Different uses are considered, e.g. fishing, industry, tourism - Local, regional and national levels of authority have an input into the plan.
45
What type of strategy are ICZMs?
They are dynamic because decisions are re-evaluated if the environment or demand on the area change.
46
What is the cycle of integrated coastal zone management?
- Planning - Decision-making - Managing and monitoring of implementation - Information collection
47
If conducted properly what should ICZMs achieve?
To operate in a cycle with each stage generating feedback to be addressed by the following stage.
48
What are the hard engineering approaches to coastal management?
- Sea walls - Rock armour - Gabions - Revetments - Groynes - Cliff fixing - Offshore reefs - Barrages
49
What are the soft engineering approaches to coastal management?
- Beach nourishment - Dune regeneration - Managed retreat/coastal realignment - Land-use management - Do-nothing

Physical Geography - Coasts (6 decks)

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