COASTS DISTINCT ECOSYSTEMS

Question 1

coral reef distribution

Answer 1

Found between 30oN and S of the equator in the tropics.

Question 2

coral reef factors

Answer 2

light
temp
slainity
depth
moderate wave action
clean water

Question 3

what depth for coral reef

Answer 3

les than 25m for light

Question 4

temp for coral reef

Answer 4

18+
23-25 optimal

Question 5

features of coral reef

Answer 5

covers 1% of surface but 25% of marine biodivversityt
polyps w algae

Question 6

wahat % of seabed is coasts

Answer 6

1% but 25% of biod=iversity

Question 7

what is coral

Answer 7

coral polyps (animals) w algae

Question 8

biotic factors of a reef
Great Barrier Reef

Answer 8

Coral
Algae
Fish
Sharks
Turtles
Plankton

Question 9

abitioc factors of reef
Great Barrier Reef

Answer 9

Temperature
Water flow
Salinity level
pH of seawater
Light level
Nutrient availability

Question 10

threats to reefs

Answer 10

industrialisation
tourism
agrivculture and deforestation

Question 11

toursim reefs

Answer 11

accidental trample, very sensitive easilly damages

Question 12

industira; - reefs

Answer 12

water pollution
temp rise - sea rise and bleaching

Question 13

agriculture and deforestatiopn - reefs

Answer 13

soil insstability cuz of no plant
leaching

Question 14

mangrove distribution

Answer 14

32oN – 32oS of the equator
Sheltered, intertidal areas, that receive high annual rainfall.

Question 15

mangrove limiting factors

Answer 15

temp
sedimetn tupe
wave action
salinity

Question 16

salinity of mangroves

Answer 16

saline

Question 17

temp for mangroves

Answer 17

coldest month avg higher than 20c

Question 18

sediment type mangroves

Answer 18

fine grain

Question 19

wave action mangroves

Answer 19

weak

Question 20

features mangroves

Answer 20

traps silt to make new land
timber
storm protection

Question 21

threats to mangroves

Answer 21

Timber for fuel and building material
Aquaculture
Land reclamation for tourist hotels and other amenities
Diversion of fresh water
Farming requires application of herbicides to prepare for cultivation

Question 22

mangroves tide relation

Answer 22

regularly flooded
intertidal zone
roots with filters for salt

Question 23

sand dune diustribution

Answer 23

Form worldwide at the interface between land and sea

Question 24

sand dune limiting factors

Answer 24

beach width
onshore wind
obstacles

Question 25

sand dune width

Answer 25

needs to be wide

Question 26

features of sand dunes

Answer 26

Plant succession on the dunes is called a psammosere succession. Embryo dunes, foredunes, yellow dunes, grey/mature dune is the sequence for dune formation from youngest to oldest. Dune slacks form in between dune crests. Mature dunes contain more humus (organic matter) than embryo dunes and they have a more acidic pH due to the absence of seashells.

Question 27

threats to sand dunes

Answer 27

Recreation e.g. trail biking and horse riding; Golf courses and caravan sites

Question 28

salt marsh distibution

Answer 28

In intertidal zones, separating permanently flooded mudflats and dry, inland, areas above the high tide mark. Usually in sheltered areas of coastline such as estuaries or bays, and usually behind spits

Question 29

salt marsh featureas

Answer 29

Either adapted to saltwater (if in bays) or brackish water (if in estuaries). Mudflats are colonised by vegetation over time, until the most stable climax community vegetation of carr woodland is achieved at the back of a salt marsh (this is permanently waterlogged)

Question 30

threats to salt marshes

Answer 30

Reclamation to create farmland and sites for industrial and port developments Industrial pollution from ports, power stations and oil refineries; Agricultural pollution from fertilisers and pesticides Pressures from developments such as marinas and other recreational facilities

Question 31

salt marsh order

Answer 31

mudflats lower marsh upper marsh carr woodland MLUC most lubed up cock

Question 32

mudflat plants

Answer 32

eelgraass

Question 33

salt marsh tides

Answer 33

regularly floodecd brackish low energy ewaves

Question 34

lower marsh plant

Answer 34

sea manna grass

Question 35

upper marsh

Answer 35

sea couch grass

Question 36

carr plant

Answer 36

ash

Question 37

embtryyo dune plant

Answer 37

sea couch grass

Question 38

yellow dune plant

Answer 38

marram grass

Question 39

grey dune pllant

Answer 39

heather

Question 40

climax

Answer 40

oak

Question 41

coastal stakeholders

Answer 41

The coastal system Conflicts between different coastal users: Users of the coast are called stakeholders. Different stakeholders may agree or disagree about a particular issue. Most debate surrounds whether the coastline should be conserved or developed. Different stakeholders include: Local residents Farmers Employers Fishermen Port authorities Transport companies (roads and terminals: ports and airports) Tourists Developers Environment Agency

Question 42

causes of flooding

Answer 42

Storm surges – either due to an extreme high tide and low-pressure system with an onshore wind, or due to a hurricane. Tsunamis – as a result of an undersea earthquake Climate change – isostatic readjustment, eustatic change, and thermal expansion

Question 43

prediction of flooding

Answer 43

Achieved via assessing historical records or good levels of forecasting

Question 44

Flood prevention

Answer 44

Flood defences Building emergency centres Advance warning systems Building design Planning new developments Education.

Question 45

coast management stratergies

Answer 45

Hold the line Advance the line Managed retreat Do nothing

Question 46

coast defences

Answer 46

Hard engineering (groynes, revetments, sea walls, gabions, rip rap) Soft engineering (beach replenishment, cliff regrading, ecosystem rehabilitation and revegetation, managed retreat)

Question 47

coral reef values

Answer 47

toursim biodiversity food protection waste treatment materials

Question 48

mangrove values

Answer 48

nurseries wood protectionnew land filter

Question 49

groyne

Answer 49

sticky out bit that cathces sand

Question 50

groyne positives

Answer 50

cheapish wider beaches slows eroisin

Question 51

groyne negatives

Answer 51

maintanence ugly and inconvenient

Question 52

rip rap

Answer 52

pile o rocks

Question 53

rip rap positives

Answer 53

cheap works

Question 54

rip rap negative

Answer 54

boulders come loose and its heavy

Question 55

gabions

Answer 55

rock cages

Question 56

gabion positives

Answer 56

cheap works

Question 57

gabion negatives

Answer 57

rust andf breaks less effective

Question 58

revetemetns

Answer 58

slanted wall of rocks or wood

Question 59

revetement positive

Answer 59

works

Question 60

revetement negative

Answer 60

useless vs stroms hard to access maintanence ugly

Question 61

sea wall positivew

Answer 61

effective

Question 62

sea wall negative

Answer 62

expensive and ugly and inaccessiblke

Question 63

beach replenishmetn

Answer 63

redoes iur but needs sand from elsewhere and frequentlt

Question 64

vegetation

Answer 64

work w natural vegetation

Question 65

cliff regrading

Answer 65

angle og cliff changed to reduce mass movemetn - doesnt fully stop