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Cell Phys > Coat Colors-Exam 2 > Flashcards

Coat Colors-Exam 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

D locus

A

Dilution

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2
Q

D

A

Full color

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3
Q

d

A

Dilute (intensity of pigment decreased- including nose, footpads, iris). Both eumelanin and pheomelanin affected.

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4
Q

If BB/Bb crossed with dd

A

Black becomes blue or grey

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5
Q

If bb crossed with dd

A

chocolate becomes silver or dusty

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6
Q

If sealpoint becomes bluepoint (dd)

A

Black becomes blue

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7
Q

If chocolate point became lilac then

A

dd was crossed from D locus

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8
Q

If orange cat becomes cream then

A

dd was crossed from d locus

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9
Q

S locus

A

Spotting series (distal coloring)

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10
Q

S (dogs)

A

Solid color

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11
Q

s^i (dogs)

A

Irish spotting (white on throat, ventral midline, paws, tail tip

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12
Q

s^p(dogs)

A

Piebald

Variable white over extremities

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13
Q

s^w(dogs)

A

extreme white spotting: white coat, few pigmented spots

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14
Q

S (cats)

A

white spotting

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15
Q

s(cats)

A

solid color

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16
Q

S locus control theory

A

Either controls melanocyte migration or melanocyte survival

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17
Q

Melanocyte migration

A

S locus

Melanocytes originate at neural crest and have to migrate to diff parts of the body. Reason why distal extremeties are white is because melanocytes failed to migrate there.

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18
Q

How to get a white dog and the difference

A

C locus= have melanocytes but tyrosinase doesn’t work and there’s no pigment

S locus= don’t have pigment because there aren’t any melanocytes

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19
Q

Incomplete dominance in S locus

A

Ss^p can look like s^is^i because of incomplete dominance.

Intermediate phenotype results that shows a mixture of both phenotypes

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20
Q

Fixed alleles

A

Seen in S locus

When allele is fixed in a population, the entire population has that allele.

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21
Q

G locus

A

Early greying

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22
Q

G

A

G locus

early greying

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23
Q

g

A

G locus

normal allele

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24
Q

M locus

A

Merle

Changes dark eumelanin pigment to grey. Areas of black appear within grey, represent “reversion” of Merle allele M to m.

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25
SILV gene
Ortholog-gene that appears across species (seen in mice and dogs and cows) In mice, recessive trait of black dilutino with age In charlais cattle, results in dilution
26
Paralogs and Homologs
Paralogs- copy of same gene is same species Homologs- similar physical structures in different species (due to orthologs)
27
Classic merle
Grey dog with ragged black patches-Mm
28
Merle phenotype due to what mutatino
Insertion mutation Short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) found throughout genome and particularly at intron 10, exon 11, inserted SINE creates big M allele and causes GAIN OF FUNCTION that changes black pigment to grey
29
Mm should be grey but you see grey with ragged black spots. Why?
Somatic reversion (very common in Great Danes) Grey color is due to Mm but black spots are due to mm*. mm* shows there is a lost in GOF so you see black (with the black spots) instead of just grey.
30
m*
"Genetic scar" Used to be M allele but polyA tail in SINE is lost
31
Black spots on merle dog
GOF has been lost=m* Black spots increase in number as dog gets older because new skin cells are made as the dog gets older.
32
M
M locus | Merle
33
m
M locus | full color
34
MM
M locus | "defective white" All white or white with patches of dark or black often with neuroendocrine problems (deaf and blind)
35
Mm
legit merle
36
M^h
Harlequin merle causes harlequin like pattern in shetland sheepdog
37
mm
non merle
38
All dogs that are merle have what mutation
SINE insertion at intron 10 and exon 11
39
Classic harlequin phenotype and genotype
White dog with black spots | MmHh
40
HH
H locus | Embryonic lethal-death
41
MmHh
Harlequin (diluted Merle)
42
h
H locus | normal allele-non-HQ
43
hh
H locus | full color
44
To be HQ
You HAVE to be merle
45
Variable pentrance
There are some cases where you can get HQ with MmHh and MMHh. Normally, MM would be defective white but with variable penetrance, you can have genotype for defective white but not see trait
46
mmHh
Full color, not HQ or merle
47
Mmhh
Merle not HQ
48
Can see grey spots in HQ, why?
Somatic reversion at H Grey spot in black spot=m*mhh There's a somatic reversion at M locus and somatic reversion at H
49
Somatic reversions at M vs H locus
M-abnormal frequency. Reversions happen a lot throughout the dog and is unstable H-normal frequency. Normal frequency of reversions, a couple of times per dog
50
How to decrease fecundity in HQ
Germline mutation-->HH | Repro success is lower due to lethal embryonic genotype
51
I locus
In cats Silver I-silver/smoke i-full pigment
52
Tabby locus
Encompasses 2 loci | Ticked locus and Tabby locus
53
Ticked locus
Part of Tabby phenotype determination Ti^A=ticked (dominant) Ti^+=non-ticked (recessive)
54
Ti^A
Full color. Not tabby
55
Ti^+
Non-ticked. Allows tabby if homozygous (Ti^+Ti^+)
56
Tabby locus
Ta^M=mackrel (Dominant) | Ta^b=blotched (Recessive)
57
C locus S locus and what other locus can cause white cats
W locus
58
W locus
White locus
59
W WW Ww w
W-removes nearly all pigment (eyes blue or yellow) WW-nearly all def (blue eyes not required) Ww-25% deaf w-non-white
60
O locus
Orange
61
Give orange male and female Give non orange male and female Torty female
O female=OO O male=OY Non O female= O+O+ Non O male=O+Y Torty=OO+
62
Males are homo, hemi, or heterozygous
Hemi. Whatever one X chromosome they have you'll see
63
How is torty observed?
X inactivation. In development, cell chooses to inactivate mom X or dad X. X activation late in development=small spots X activation early in development=Big spots
64
Chimerism
X inactivation. | All girls are chimeric. Only express one X from either dad or mom.
65
How to have calico boy?
Klienfelters like sydrome: XXY | Randomly inactivate 1X.

Cell Phys (2 decks)

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