Cog, psycho, pos

Question 1

Cognitive assumptions

Answer 1

• Computer analogy.
• Schemata.
• Internal mental processes.

Question 2

What is the computer analogy assumption?

Answer 2

Human mind works in similar ways to a computer. Receive input, process it, then output. Our senses work as an input, info stored, then retrieved when needed

Question 3

Computer analogy example?

Answer 3

Atkinson and Shiffrin devised multi store model of memory. Suggested there are 3 stores of memory: sensory memory which involves input from senses. If pay attention info moves to short term. Rehearsing moves to long term.

Question 4

What is the schemata assumption?

Answer 4

How our mind stores information in long term memory. Is not always factual

Question 5

Schemata example

Answer 5

Halo effect suggests if our schema for an individual contains positive impressions e.g. if person friendly we believe they’re intelligent.

Question 6

What is the internal mental processes assumption?

Answer 6

Humans use cognitive processes to make sense of the world around them. Use our senses to collect information from the outside world then use internal mental processes to interpret information.

Question 7

Internal mental processes order

Answer 7

Attention, language, memory, decision making skills

Question 8

Internal mental processes example

Answer 8

To study internal mental processes, psychologists use introspection where participant describes how task makes them feel.

Question 9

What did Griffiths do

Answer 9

Griffiths asked participants to use introspection while gambling and found that regular gamblers have more irrational verbalisations.

Question 10

Main components of CBT

Answer 10

1. DYSFUNCTIONAL THOUGHT DIARY: write automatic negative thoughts and rate belief.
2. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING: challenge dysfunctional thoughts outside of therapy and ask for evidence for them
3. PLEASANT ACTIVITY SCHEDULING: pleasant activities everyday - behavioural activation technique.

Question 11

Evaluation of CBT effectiveness POSITIVES

Answer 11

• RESEARCH SUPPORT: Cahill et al assessed severity of symptoms after each therapy session and 71% reduced symptoms.
• THERAPIST COMPETENCE: David and Avelno found CBT had highest success of all therapies.
• COMPARE DRUG THERAPY: Response rates both 58% so just as effective without side effects

Question 12

Evaluation of CBT effectiveness NEGATIVES

Answer 12

• THERAPIST COMPETENCE: Kuyken and Tsivikos suggested 15% of all effectiveness may be due to therapist not therapy.
• INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: Not suitable for everyone. Negative thinking may be caused by real stress.

Question 13

Evaluation of CBT ethical issues NEGATIVES

Answer 13

• PATIENT BLAME: puts blame for illness on patient so reduces self esteem.
• RATIONAL THOUGHTS: up to therapist to decide what’s rational. It is subjective.

Question 14

Loftus and Palmer methodology and procedures. EXPERIMENT 1

Answer 14

See if the speed estimates given would be influenced by wording. Shown 7 films of traffic accidents and asked to answer how fast car was going when they “hit, bumped, collided, smashed”.

Question 15

Loftus and Palmer methodology and procedures. EXPERIMENT 2

Answer 15

150 participants shown car car. Asked to describe crash with different verbs and a week later asked if there was broken glass

Question 16

Findings of Loftus and Palmer experiment 1

Answer 16

Verb and mean speed estimate: Smashed = 40. Hit = 34. Contacted = 32

Question 17

Findings of Loftus and Palmer experiment 2

Answer 17

People who said yes: smashed=16. Hit=7. Control=6.
People who said no: smashed=34. Hit=43. Control=44

Question 18

Ethical issues evaluation of loftus and palmer POSITIVE

Answer 18

BENEFITS SOCIETY - new developments in police questioning as they’re aware.

Question 19

Ethical issues evaluation of loftus and palmer NEGATIVES

Answer 19

• UNRELIABLE EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: wrongly convicted.
• DECEPTION: deceived in study and asked deliberately leading questions
• CONSENT: didn’t give fully informed consent. Not aware of research aims

Question 20

Methodology and procedures evaluation Loftus and Palmer NEGATIVES

Answer 20

• SAMPLE ISSUES: only students so likely to share characteristics e.g. can’t drive.
• LACK OF ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY: staged videos. Respond differently in real life.

Question 21

Methodology and procedures evaluation Loftus and Palmer POSITIVES

Answer 21

• RELIABLE RESEARCH: all watched same videos and same questions
• GOOD CONTROL OF EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES: order of videos changed so prevents order having effect. Laboratory.

Question 22

Dream analysis main components

Answer 22

• DREAMS AS WISH FULFILMENT: unconscious fulfilment of wishes.
• SYMBOLIC NATURE: real meaning transformed into unharmful form
• DREAMWORK: use dreamwork to transform latent to manifest content
• ROLE OF THERAPIST: reverse the dreamwork process. Manifest into latent.

Question 23

Effectiveness evaluation of dream analysis POSITIVE

Answer 23

RESEARCH EVIDENCE: Solms used PET scans to highlight regions of brain active in dreaming. Rational part inactive, money and motivation very active.

Question 24

Effectiveness evaluation of dream analysis NEGATIVE

Answer 24

• METHOLOGICAL ISSUES: lack of ecological validity. Research into dreaming in sleep cabs so unnatural
• SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION: interpreting manifest and coming up with latent is subjective

Question 25

Ethical evaluation of dream analysis NEGATIVES

Answer 25

- THERAPIST CLIENT RELATIONSHIP: power imbalance due to therapist taking expert role. - FALSE MEMORY SYNDROME: if therapists suggest something they'll believe it. Lie for money - EMOTIONAL HARM: therapist may guide client to distressing insight which could be greater than current distress.

Question 26

Positive approach assumptions

Answer 26

- Acknowledgement of free will. - Authenticity of goodness and excellence, - Focus on the good life.

Question 27

Acknowledgement of free will assumption

Answer 27

Humans in charge of their own emotion and have free will to change. Good life can be experienced if we use our signature strengths and virtues to enhance our lives.

Question 28

Acknowledgement of free will example

Answer 28

Diener's 'who is happy' looked into factors that increase well-being. Students with friends and family and spent more time with them were happier

Question 29

Authenticity of goodness and excellence assumption

Answer 29

Feelings of happiness and goodness as natural as feelings of anxiety and stress.

Question 30

Authenticity of goodness and excellence example

Answer 30

Spending time with loved ones nurture and develop signature strengths. We all have 24 strengths and developing them improve well being

Question 31

Focus on the good life assumption

Answer 31

Seligman's 3 desirable lives: pleasant life, good life and meaningful life. To achieve good life develop signature strengths.

Question 32

What is the pleasant life

Answer 32

Happiness comes from pursuing positive emotions in relation to past, present and future

Question 33

What is the good life

Answer 33

Happiness comes from pursuing activities that positively engage us. Combination of the 3 elements: positive connection to others, positive individual traits, life regulation qualities

Question 34

What is the meaningful life

Answer 34

Happiness from deep sense of fulfilment by living for purpose greater than yourself e.g. helping others.

Question 35

Focus on the good life example

Answer 35

Concept of flow by Mihaly: reach stage of being fully engaged in activity - need to be challenged in order to keep flow.

Question 36

Main components of Quality of life therapy

Answer 36

- QUALITY OF LIFE INVENTORY - CASIO MODEL - 3 PILLARS OF QOL

Question 37

QUALITY OF LIFE INVENTORY

Answer 37

Assess client's life. 16 areas of life deemed to have most influence. Enables therapist and client to identify areas of life that are important

Question 38

CASIO MODEL

Answer 38

Model of life satisfaction. C = circumstances in area of life. A = person's attitude to that area. S = person's evaluation in that area of life. I = importance the person places on the area. O = overall satisfaction with other areas of life

Question 39

3 PILLARS OF QOL

Answer 39

1 = feelings of strength so they have the energy to live beyond the moment and thrive for better QOL 2 = meaning in life. Identify goal for areas of life. 2 = quality time. Encouraged to spend time for rest, reflection and problem solving.

Question 40

Evaluation effectiveness QOLT POSITIVES

Answer 40

- QOLT for adolescents = Toghyani et al investigated effectiveness on Iranian boys. Showed improvement, - QOLT for depression = Grant et al had clients with depression and read book about QOL. All 16 showed improvements.

Question 41

Evaluation ethical QOLT POSITIVES

Answer 41

POSITIVE THERAPY: avoid client anxiety by not dragging up the past. No blame laid on client

Question 42

Evaluation ethical QOLT NEGATIVES

Answer 42

MOVING TOO FAST: Moving too fast with strategies. Assume all positive states are essential to well being but Azar shows optimism don't benefit everyone.