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AP Psych Unit 7: Cognition > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

0
Q

The retention of encoded information over time

A

Storage

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1
Q

The processing of information into the memory system

A

Memory

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2
Q

The processes of getting information out of memory storage

A

Retrieval

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3
Q

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

A

Sensory memory

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4
Q

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly.

A

Short-term memory

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5
Q

The relatively permanent, and limitless storehouse of the memory system

A

Long-term memory

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6
Q

Focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

A

Working memory

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7
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with step-by-step processing of most computers and conscious problem solving

A

Parallel processing

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8
Q

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

A

Automatic processing

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9
Q

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

Effortful processing

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10
Q

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or it encode it for storage

A

Rehearsal

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11
Q

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

A

Spacing effect

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12
Q

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

Serial position effect

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13
Q

The encoding of picture images

A

Visual encoding

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14
Q

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

A

Acoustic encoding

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15
Q

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

A

Semantic encoding

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16
Q

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effort flu processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

A

Imagery

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17
Q

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

A

Mnemonics

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18
Q

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

A

Chunking

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19
Q

A momentary sensory memory do visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tents of a second

A

Iconic memory

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20
Q

A momentary sensory mo memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

A

Echoic memory

21
Q

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

A

Long-term potentiation

22
Q

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

A

Flashbulb memory

23
Q

Loss of memory

A

Amnesia

24
Q

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

A

Implicit memory

25
Q

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

A

Explicit memory

26
Q

A neural center that is located in the limbus system; helps process explicit memories for storage

A

Hippocampus

27
Q

Plays an important part our forming and storing of implicit memories

A

Cerebellum

28
Q

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

A

Recall

29
Q

A measure of memory in which the person need only identity items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

A

Recognition

30
Q

A measure of memory that asses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

A

Relearning

31
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, or particular associations in memory

A

Priming

32
Q

The eerie sense that “I’ve been experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation

A

Déjà vu

33
Q

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad

A

Mood-congruent memory

34
Q

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

A

Proactive interference

35
Q

The disruption effect of new learning on recall of old information

A

Retroactive

36
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

A

Repression

37
Q

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of am event

A

Misinformation effect

38
Q

Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

A

Source amnesia

39
Q

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

A

Algorithm

40
Q

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

A

Heuristic

41
Q

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

A

Insight

42
Q

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

43
Q

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

A

Conformation bias

44
Q

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

A

Fixation

45
Q

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

A

Mental set

46
Q

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

A

Functional fixedness

47
Q

Judging the likelihood of things I terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; May lead us to ignore other relevant information

A

Representativeness heuristics

48
Q

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind

A

Availability heuristics

49
Q

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

A

Framing

AP Psych Unit 7: Cognition (1 decks)

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