Cognition

Question 1

What are 4 stages of Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 1

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 2

Describe sensorimotor phase

Answer 2

0-2 years
Object permanence
Circular reactions

Question 3

Describe pre operational phase

Answer 3

2-7 years
Symbolic thinking
Egocentrism
Lack of conservation
Centration

Question 4

Circular reactions

Answer 4

Repetition of activities due to interesting effects

Question 5

Symbolic thinking

Answer 5

Use of words + images to represent objects

Question 6

Egocentrism

Answer 6

Difficulty understanding others perspectives

Question 7

Conservation

Answer 7

Understanding substance prevention

Question 8

Centration

Answer 8

Focusing on 1 property to the exclusion of others

Question 9

Describe concrete operational phase

Answer 9

7-11 years
Logical reasoning (reasoning ab tangible objects)
Conservation
Loss of egocentrism
Better at inductive tasks with logical conclusions based on specific observable phenomenon

Question 10

Describe formal operational stage

Answer 10

11+ years
Abstract reasoning (hypothetical + deductive reasoning)
Moral judgement
Future planning/forward thinking

Question 11

Schemas

Answer 11

Cognitive framework organizing info and guiding actions

Question 12

Assimilation vs accommodation

Answer 12

Assimilation: integrating new info into existing schemas
Accommodation: adjusting schemas to incorporate new info

Question 13

Fluid intelligence

Answer 13

Problem-solving abilities independent of prior knowledge; decreases around age 65

Question 14

Crystalized intelligence

Answer 14

Applying known info + experiences to solve problems; increases with age and experience

Question 15

Deductive reasoning

Answer 15

Applying general principles to specific situations;
Top down approach

Question 16

Inductive reasoning

Answer 16

Extrapolating from successive observations to identify general principles;
Bottom up approach

Question 17

Mental Set

Answer 17

Relying on familiar frameworks and strategies which may not be suitable to new problems

Question 18

Fixation

Answer 18

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

Question 19

Functional fixedness

Answer 19

Seeing objects only in terms of their traditional function

Question 20

Belief perseverance

Answer 20

Maintain/strengthen beliefs despite contradictory evidence

Question 21

Cognitive biases

Answer 21

Systematic, subconscious patterns of thought that skew reasoning

Question 22

Conformation bias

Answer 22

Focusing on information that supports pre-existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence

Question 23

Hindsight bias

Answer 23

Tendancy to see past events as having been predictable after they have occurred

Question 24

Causation bias

Answer 24

Incorrectly inferring cause and effect relationships between events

Question 25

Heuristics

Answer 25

Similar to biases, inflexible mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems with incomplete info

Question 26

Representative heuristic

Answer 26

Judging probability of event based on how much it matches photo/stereotype

Question 27

Availability heuristic

Answer 27

Estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 28

Intelligence

Answer 28

Ability to detect patterns, process + store info, understand ideas and problem solve

Question 29

G factor

Answer 29

General intelligence : underlying capacity driving performance across multiple, unrelated cognitive tasks

Question 30

Mental age

Answer 30

Cognitive performance compared to the average performance at same chronological age

Question 31

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple intelligences (7)

Answer 31

Musical, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal