Cognition And Development

Question 1

Selman (1971)

Answer 1

Cross-sectional study, compared 60 four-, five- and six ear olds on their perspective taking abilities
Found, significant positive correlations between age and perspective taking

Question 2

Gurucharri and Selman (1982)

Answer 2

Longditudinal- followed up children, testing whether their perspective-taking abilities changed, found they improved with age.

Question 3

Meltzoff (1988) ToM

Answer 3

Intentional reasoning research- demonstrated that 18-month-olds imitate adults intentions (not actions) by putting beads in a jar, so have basic ToM

Question 4

Sally-Anne task

Answer 4

False belief tasks- children told story involving two dolls, Sally and Anne. Anne moves Sallys marble into her box while sally is away. To grasp Sally doesn’t know Anne has moved the marble requires an understanding of Sally’s false belief about where it is.

Question 5

Sally-Anne task on autistic children