Cognition, Consciousness, and Language

Question 1

Characteristics of Awake State

Answer 1

beta and alpha waves

able to perceive, process, access and express information

Question 2

Stage 1 Sleep

Answer 2

theta waves

light sleep

Question 3

Stage 2 Sleep

Answer 3

Theta waves

sleep spindles and K complexes

Question 4

Stage 3 and 4 Sleep

Answer 4

Delta waves

slow-wave sleep, dreams, declatative memory consioldation, some sleep disorders

Question 5

REM Sleep

Answer 5

beta waves

appears awake physiologically but body paralyzed, dreams, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

Question 6

Dyssomnias

Answer 6

Amount or timing of sleep. Includes: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

Question 7

Parasomnias

Answer 7

odd behaviours during sleep. Includes: night tremors, and sleepwalking

Question 8

Drug Addiction is Mediated by what Pathway

Answer 8

The mesolimbic pathway which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrian bundle, and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter.

Question 9

Depressants

Answer 9

Includes: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines.

Sense of relaxation and reduces anxiety.

Question 10

Stimulants

Answer 10

Includes: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

Increased arousal

Question 11

Opiates/Opiods

Answer 11

Includes: heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

Decreased reaction to pain; euphoria

Question 12

Hallucinogens

Answer 12

Includes: LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms
Distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection

Question 13

Marijuana Effects

Answer 13

Some features of depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens in very high doses

Question 14

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 14

Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage

Question 15

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 15

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends this stage

Question 16

Preoperational Stage

Answer 16

focuses on symbolic thinking , egocentrism (inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels), and centration (focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon)

Question 17

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 17

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects

Question 18

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 18

focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving

Question 19

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 19

deriving conclusions from general rules

Question 20

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 20

deriving generalizations form evidence

Question 21

Heuristics

Answer 21

simplified principles used to make decisions “rules of thumb”

Question 22

Selective Attention

Answer 22

allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background

Question 23

Divided Attention

Answer 23

uses automatic processing to pat attention to multiple activities at once

Question 24

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 24

language and comprehension, damage results in Wernicke’s Aphasia (fluent nonsensicle aphasia with lack of comprehension)

Question 25

Broca's Area

Answer 25

motor function of speech, damage results in Broca's Aphasia (nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort)

Question 26

Arcuate Fasciculus

Answer 26

connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas, damage results in conduction aphasia (the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension)