cognition midterm 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
cognitive revolution
A
new style of research aimed at questions about memory, decision-making, etc.
2
Q
two key ideas of the cognitive revolution
A
psychology cannot study the mental world directly; psychology must study the mental world to better understand behavior
3
Q
2 early perspectives of cognition
A
behaviorism and introspection
4
Q
introspection main dude
A
wilhelm wundt (also titchener)
5
Q
introspection
A
psych needs to focus on study of conscious mental events, which can only be done by “looking in”
6
Q
can regular people introspect?
A
no, must be meticulously trained
7
Q
issues with introspection
A
some thoughts are unconscious, but mostly you cannot “test” it
8
Q
behaviorism main guys
A
skinner an watson
9
Q
behaviorism
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behaviors can be observed, recorded, measured, and so can stimuli + the environment, so let’s ONLY study that and ignore the mind completely
10
Q
problem with behaviorism
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the mind and how we interpret situations plays a huge role in behavior
11
Q
solution to 2-key-idea-issue, proposed by Kant
A
transcendental method; begin with observable facts and then work backwards; inference to best explanation
12
Q
what did Tolman argue (rat mazes)?
A
learning is not simply a change in behavior but also the acquisition of new knowledge
13
Q
what did Tolman’s rats demonstrate?
A
cognitive maps, latent learning
14
Q
who rebutted skinner?
A
chomsky
15
Q
what did gestalt psychologists think? (two things)
A
can’t understand things “part by part” also perceiver shapes their own experiences
16
Q
bartlett’s main idea
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schemas
17
Q
broadbent idea
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computers are like minds
18
Q
frontal lobes contain
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prefrontal area and primary motor projection area
19
Q
occipital lobes contain
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primary visual projection area
20
Q
parietal lobes contain
A
primary sensory projection areas -> attention
21
Q
temporal lobes contain
A
primary auditory projection area, Wernicke’s area, amygdala, hypothalamus
22
Q
the visual system relies on a _____ ___ ______ approach, apparent in area ___
A
divide and conquer; V1
23
Q
parallel processing
A
divide and conquer, all specialized areas active at the same time; alt. to serial processing
24
Q
parallel processing benefits
A
speed, mutual influence among multiple systems
25
what system pathway
occipital lobe to temporal lobe
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where system pathway
occipital lobe to parietal cortex
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what system function
identification of visual objects
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where system function
guides your actions based on your perception of where an object is located
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lesions in the what system lead to ______, an inability to recognize visually presented objects
visual agnosia
30
the binding problem
the task of reuniting various elements of a scene that are initially addressed by different systems in different parts of the brain
31
does interpretation of an input happen before or after you start cataloguing the features
before!
32
the "LIFT" shape illusion shows how
features depend on how the form is organized by the viewer
33
conjunction errors
correctly detecting features but make mistakes about how they are bound together
34
being shown a blue H and red T but reporting a red H and blue T is an example of a
conjunction error
35
the fact that we are able to recognize things despite variation (ex. can still recognize words despite different fonts) shows us that
object recognition involves some complexity
36
bottom-up/data-driven processing
processes directly shaped by the stimulus
37
top-down/concept-driven processing
recognition influenced by relying on your knowledge
38
visual search tasks
where you are asked to examine a display and judge whether a particular target is present or not
39
slower or faster RTs when searching for a target with a combination of features?
slower
40
integrative agnosia, caused by damage to the _____ _____, means
parietal lobe; fine at detecting features but struggle to judge how the features are bound together to form complex objects
41
mask
interrupts any continued processing for the stimulus just presented; often a random jumble of letters or patter
42
priming
a process through which one input or cue prepares a person for an upcoming input or cue
43
repetitive priming
a pattern of priming that occurs simply because a stimulus is presented a second time; processing is more efficient on the second presentation
44
selective attention
the skill through which a person focuses on one input/task while ignoring other stimuli
45
selective attention often displayed through
dichotic listening
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dichotic listening
paying attention to one input and ignoring the other
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shadowing
repeating back what was heard, word for word
48
what does it mean when we say people can usually still hear the "physical attributes" of the unattended channel?
if it was music versus speech versus silence, gender of voice, volume, etc.
49
the suggestion of filtering, blocking the processing of inputs you're not interested in, is a possible explanation for
general insensitivity to but also possible leakage of unattended channel
50
inattentional blindness
people fail to see a prominent stimulus even when they're staring right at it
51
change blindess
observers' inability to detect changes in scenes they're looking directly at
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early selection hypothesis
unattended input receives little analysis and is never processed
53
late selection hypothesis
all inputs receive the same level of analysis and selection occurs after; impacts what you remember
54
repetition priming comes from
the environment
55
expectation-driven priming comes from
your previous knowledge/expectations of the stimulus
56
expectation-driven priming has a (bigger or smaller) cost than rep. priming
bigger; when misled, much slower RT than neutral
57
expectation-driven priming has a ______-capacity system
limited
58
spatial attention
the mechanism through which someone focuses on a particular position in space
59
orienting system
disengages from one target, shifts attention to and engages on new target
60
alerting system
keeps brain on alert state
61
executive system
controls voluntary actions
62
three systems of attention
orienting, attention, executive
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large part of paying attention involves
priming; for stimuli you don't care about, you don't bother to prime, but for those you do care about, you anticipate the input to prime the relevant processing channel
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endogenous control of attention
you control what you pay attention to
65
exogenous control of attention
an element seizes your attention
66
do people pay attention to regions in space or to objects?
both
67
unilateral neglect syndrome shows us that
people pay attention to both objects and regions in space
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spatial attention/where system uses the _____ attention system (location)
dorsal
69
nonspatial attention/what system uses the ____ attention system (location)
ventral
70
attention is an ______, not a cause, and an _______, not a process or mechanism
effect; achievement
71
divided attention
multitasking
72
you can perform concurrent tasks only if
you have the resources for both
73
simultaneous tasks are easier (less interference) if they are
very different from one another
74
resources work like
an energy supply, or budget
75
a higher perceptual load increases or decreases inattentional blindness
increases
76
one mental tool especially important
executive control
77
executive control does 3 main things
keeps current goal in mind (ignores habits), makes sure mental steps are organized in the right sequence, and shifts plans/strategies
78
t/f: executive control can handle many tasks at a time
false; can only handle one task at a time, putting limits on multitasking
79
what area of the brain is crucial for executive control
the prefrontal cortex
80
perseveration error
tendency to produce the same response over and over even when clear that task requires a change in response
81
goal neglect
failing to org. behavior in a way that moves towards goal
82
why does practice make things easier?
requires fewer resources, you have been repetitively primed to it, becomes a habit
83
con to automaticity
because it does not need control, it becomes uncontrolled
84
the stroop interference effect shows us the
con to automaticity
85
EEGs use these two methods
brain waves and ERPs
86
EEGs help to identify
when things happen in the brain
87
the auditory BEEP vs BOOP task using ERP is evidence for _____ selection, because it showed what?
early selection; showed an early difference in neural processing that occurs at a particular time - at the N1 ERP
88
difficult tasks typically use ___ selection, but easier ones usually use ____ selection
early; late -> "oh this is difficult, let me focus in and put processing toward it"
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repetition priming is ____-__ while expectation-driven priming is ___-____ (bottom up vs top down)
bottom-up, top-down
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in the GC/GG priming experiment, the type of signal allowed us to look at ______, while the validity conditions (high vs low) allowed us to look at ______
cost vs benefit; rep. vs expectation priming
91
overt attention
systematically moving your head/eyes to see what is going on (physical movement)
92
covert attention
you keep your eyes fixated on whatever you're looking at but shift your attention to something else
93
the attention network task (no cue, double cue, center cue, spatial cue) did what?
able to isolate efficiency scores for all 3 networks - orienting, alerting, executive
94
executive control is strongly connected with ____ _____
working memory
95
the frontal lobe is for
motor functions and executive functions
96
the occipital lobe is for
visual information processing
97
the parietal lobe is for
touch and pressure
98
the temporal lobe is for
auditory processing and memory
99
contralateral organization
the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa
100
t/f: the bigger the body part, the more cortex devoted to it
false: the more important the info, the larger the cortex
101
language is primarily associated with the left or right hemisphere?
left
102
target
the item you are looking for
103
distractor
the items you need to search through to find the target
104
pop-out search
change in 1 feature
105
conjunction search
change and combination of 2 or more features
106
what is easier/quicker, a pop-out search or a conjunction search?
pop-out search
107
the starry night illusion demonstrated
specialization of the brain areas; activating the area with the spinning, then once removed, brain area is fatigued so we still see the spinning occurring
108
what would happen to attention if we had unlimited capacity?
there would be no need for it
109
the ponzo and myer illusions (lines w dot pattern surrounding) is evidence for
late selection; they could not report the patterns of the dots but still said top line appeared larger, meaning they still unconsciously processed the dots
110
the artifact-vs-natural experiment was evidence for
late selection; they couldn't identify the prime but still were more accurate with the target when the prime was same word or category as the target
