Cognitive Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
What is the biological key question?
A
How effective is drug therapy for treating addictions?
2
Q
In 2013/2014 how many opioid users were there in the UK?
A
293,879 opiate users
3
Q
What ‘replacement’ drugs are provided to opioid users to help reduce their symptoms of withdrawal?
A
Methadone or Buprenorphine
4
Q
Give some symptoms of drug addiction
A
Cravings, seeking drugs, withdrawal symptoms, irritability
5
Q
How does Buprenorphine
A
Buprenorphine is a similar shape to heroin and so binds to the opioid receptors blocking them partially which stops the withdrawal symptoms but doesn’t give feelings of euphoria
6
Q
What is an alternative therapy for drug addiction other than drug treatment?
A
Counselling, support groups e.g. alcoholics anonymous
7
Q
Why is the biological key question a key issue in terms of crime in society?
A
Drug addiction leads to theft owing to the need to find money to buy drugs
8
Q
Why do drug users need to take more and more drugs each time in order to achieve the same high?
A
Repeated exposure to recreational drugs can lead to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms which
continues drug use and can lead to social and economic costs so needs to be treated.
9
Q
Why do drug users need to be weaned off drugs instead of them taken away all at once?
A
When a user stops taking they experience withdrawal symptoms such as shakes, sweating, sickness and by gradually reducing drug in take a person reduces the effects of these symptoms
10
Q
How does heroin affect the brain/body?
A
Heroin reduces GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) which causes an increase in
Dopamine. Heroin effects the opioid receptors in the brain. This action suppresses physical pain. This
chemical effect of heroin slows the motor functions which is why you feel so relaxed and out of it when
you’re taking heroin.
11
Q
How does methadone work?
A
Methadone mimics the action of heroin at the synaptic level through dopamine and endorphins
12
Q
How is buprenorphine used to help to wean a person off drugs?
A
Over time, the dose of buprenorphine
is gradually reduced until it can be stopped completely
13
Q
When should a person begin to take their buprenorphine and why?
A
in binding with the receptor it ‘pushes’ heroin out and so
a person can have severe withdrawl…so it’s best to wait until you’re already suffering withdrawal to take
it
14
Q
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support the argument that drug therapy is effective at treating drug addiction
A
Jones (2004) - Buprenorphine prevents withdrawal, allows for a more individual treatment process (it is
long lasting and thus more flexible when it can be given) and has less chance of overdose
&
Marteau et al found it 6 times safer than methadone
15
Q
What did rat park (Alexander) suggest about the effectiveness of drug therapy in treating addiction?
A
Alexander et al (1978) showed that substitute prescribing may not be needed (or the ideal method) Rat
park took drug addicted animals and put them into a lush and exciting social cage, over time they weaned
themselves of their addiction because their environment replaced the euphoria they got from the drugs
16
Q
What is the aim of the biological practical?
A
Aim: To conduct a correlation to the relationship between testosterone (shown by 2D:4D ratio) and aggression
(shown via aggression questionnaire)
17
Q
Which research method did we use to collect our results?
A
Correlation
18
Q
What is the alternative hypothesis for your biological practical?
A
There will be a positive relationship between 2D:4D ratio, and score on an aggression
questionnaire.
19
Q
What is the null hypothesis for your biological practical?
A
There will be no relationship between 2D:4D ratio and score on an aggression questionnaire.
20
Q
What are your two co-variables in the biological practical?
A
2D:4D ratio and scores on an aggression questionnaire / 15
21
Q
What type of sampling did you use in your biological practical?
A
Opportunity sampling
22
Q
What was the sample of your biological practical?
A
______ people from college in the North of England, aged between 16 and 20
23
Q
What questionnaire did your sample complete in the biological practical?
A
30 questions about their aggressiveness and measured
on a 5 point scale giving them a total for aggression
24
Q
How did you measure the participants level of testosterone exposure in the biological practical?
A
measuring the length of their ring finger and index finger and measuring the
ratio between the two
(2D:4D ratio)
25
What graph could you use to plot the results of the biological practical?
Scatter graph
26
Why was the sample of your biological practical neither androcentric or gynocentric?
both males and females in the finger ratio measures/aggression questionnaire making it more
generalisable. This means the results would be more representative about the correlation between finger ratio and
aggression in a wider population
27
How was your biological practical reliable?
The questionnaires about aggression and the finger measures are standardised which means it can be easily
repeated. This is good because the procedure can be repeated to see if the results about the correlation with finger
ratio and aggression would be the same.
28
What is the strength of you collecting quantitative data in your biological practical in terms of mean aggression scores /15 and 2D:4D ratio?
A strength is it used quantitative data from the aggression quesitonnaires which allows for statistical
testing/analysis. This is good because we can to see if the results about aggression and finger ratio are due to chance
29
How is your biological practical ethical?
The study is ethical as participants knew we were measuring their aggression levels and their finger ratio as a
proxy for testosterone when they consented. This means we have consent for the research as participants were fully
aware of the purpose and that we would discuss their aggression
30
How is your sample NOT representative in your biological practical?
Why is this a problem?
This has small opportunity sample from the same sixth form college in the north east completing the aggression
questionnaire so not generalisable because they might share characteristics. This is a problem because the results
about the relationship between aggression and finger ratio might not be applicable to non-teenagers.
31
Why might there be issues with social desirability in your biological practical and how do these affect the validity of your results?
when people are answering the questionnaire on their aggression levels they may change their answers to appear either more or less aggressive which makes the findings less valid
32
What is an issue with using a 5 point scale on your aggression questionnaire and how does this affect validity?
5 point scales used on the aggression questionnaire can be subjective in interpretation e.g. ‘4’ might mean
different things to different people. This is an issue because the results about the correlation between finger ratio
and aggression might be less valid if people interpret the aggression scores differently
33
Can we establish cause and effect between the 2D:4D and aggression scores/15? How does this affect validity?
No. We can only see a relationship between 2D:4D and aggression scores/15 and this reduces validity
34
What may be an ethical issue with your biological practical?
Taking part in the study might have been upsetting for some participants to answer questions about their own
temper/aggression. This means the study has breached the ethical guideline of protection from harm because of the
psychological harm linked to understanding their aggression
35
What were the results of your biological practical? (remember that you can make up the number for your correlation coefficient but it needs to be between -1 and +1)
There is a ______________ correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and aggression score on a questionnaire out of 15 (rs = -0.79, CV = 0.464).
36
What is evolution?
The change in a species over time through natural selection
37
What is natural selection?
Where genes which are beneficial for survival in a certain environment are selected for through better survival or reproduction
38
What is the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation?
The environment you currently live in that your genes are operating in
39
What is "the warrior gene"?
MAOA which effects serotonin meaning higher aggression
40
What is a genotype?
The complete gene profile of an individual
41
What is a phenotype?
The visible traits of an organism which is how their genes interact/are expressed in a certain environment
42
What is the belief about aggression coming from evolutionary theory?
Aggression was beneficial to the survival/reproduction of our ancestor
43
What are reasons aggression is thought to be beneficial?
Ancestors were able to use aggression to gain and protect their resources beneficial for survival, Ancestors were able to scare off rivals meaning they were able to mate and reproduce, Ancestors were able to deter partners from infidelity
44
How does sexual selection work for aggression?
Aggression would help males gain dominance and resources and so women were attracted for more aggressive males
45
Why are females seen as less aggressive than males?
Physical aggression is too risky i.e. harm to unborn children- a selection for social aggression instead
46
What did Mazur find?
Males show an increase in fighting behaviours around puberty due to this being when partner selection becomes a factor
47
What did Daly & Wilson find?
58 / 214 cases of murder motivated by sexual jealousy, confidence in paternity and warning to potential rivals
48
What did Miller find?
55% of women in abusive relationships cite their partner's jealousy as a factor in their partner's behaviour
49
What did Buss & Shackleford find?
Some cultures have more aggression than others- this shows aggression is environmental not purely due to genes
50
Which of these is an alternative theory saying we might learn aggression from role models around us meaning this theory might be incorrect?
Social Learning Theory
51
Which of these is a true evaluation point for this theory?
It is reductionist as it doesn't look at the influence of upbringing/modern societies impact just genes passed down from ancestors
52
Is this theory empirical?
No- you cannot measure the behaviour of our ancestors directly so we cannot see if this theory is correct
53
What is the Thanatos?
The death instinct, the source of negative emotions like aggression
54
What is the conscious?
The part of your mind you are aware of i.e. your current thoughts
55
What is the unconscious?
The part of your mind you cannot be aware of i.e. unacceptable desires and violent urges
56
What is the Preconscious?
The part of your mind you can become aware of if you wish i.e. memories
57
What is the Id?
The part of your psyche which works on the pleasure principle meaning it wants instant gratification
58
What is the SuperEgo?
The part of your psyche which works on the morality principle meaning it wants to follow the rules and gives you guilt to control your behaviour
59
What is the Ego?
Operates on the reality principle meaning it weighs up the other two components and will decide which to give into and when
60
How does Thanatos link to aggression?
It is the source of aggression so if you have a strong Thanatos it might lead to more aggressive impulses and if the Thanatos is turned outward it is aggression
61
How does the Id link to aggression?
If you have an aggressive impulse it will encourage you to act and if it is frustrated and stopped from getting some other desire it might create aggressive impulses
62
How does the SuperEgo link to aggression?
It is the thing which makes you feel guilt for breaking rules and norms so if you have a strong one it might decrease the chances of aggression
63
How does the Ego link to aggression?
It weighs the desires of the other two components so will be the final decider on if you act aggressively or not
64
How do defence mechanisms tie to aggression?
They are a method to protect your ego by redirecting energy, this might cause you not to be aggressive or to direct the aggression onto a safe target
65
What is Catharsis? and how it ties to aggression
The positive result of chanelling energy into a different format meaning you release built up aggressive impusles by being aggressive in sport or watching a violent movie
66
What did Geen and Quanty find?
Expression of aggression can have a positive effect in terms of decreasing physiological arousal
67
What did Verona and Sullivan find?
They found that when participants administered either aggressive via shock or non aggressive responses after being made angry, heart rate was found to have reduced in those administering the aggressive responses showing evidence that catharsis is a credible explanation
68
What did Bushman find?
Those who took part in a cathartic activity via venting were actually more aggressive than those who didn’t have a chance to release their aggression.
69
Why is this theory more holistic than others?
It is holistic as it takes into account both nature and nurture due to everyone having these components but their upbringing influencing them
70
Which of these is a true?
The theory is not empirical as you cannot measure the components directly
71
Which of these is an alternative theory saying we might learn aggression from role models around us meaning this theory might be incorrect?
Social Learning Theory or another biological theory
72
Why is this theory useful?
Psychodynamic theories have been used to create talking therapies which many have found useful to deal with personal issues
73
Which brain system/area is linked to aggression?
The Limbic system
74
What is the Limbic system responsible for?
Fight or flight
75
What does the Amygdala do?
It is the source of emotions like aggression so higher activity would lead to more aggression
76
What does the Hypothalamus do?
controls hormone levels like Testosterone so more activity meaning more aggression
77
What does the PFC do?
responsible for self-control and emotional regulation so more activity meaning less aggression
78
Which part of the brain carries signals between the other named parts?
Periaqueductal area
79
What did Raine demonstrate?
NGRI participants had higher activity in the right amygdala and less activity in the PFC
80
What does KluverBucy Syndrome demonstrate?
Animals with removal or damage to their Amygdala show less aggression
81
What is a criticism of KluverBucy?
Animals brains and systems are different to humans and so the results might not apply to explain human aggression
82
What is a mains trength of looking at brain areas for a source of aggression?
This is an empirical explanation as you can measure brain activity levels directly using brain scans making it a more objective and credible explanation of aggression
83
What is a problem with using brain scans to research aggression in the way this does?
They are low in ecological validty which means the results we get from them might not apply to aggression in real life situations
84
Why is this theory reductionist?
It ignores other factors which could cause aggression and focuses only on brain activityi.e. ignoring evolution or upbringing
85
Which of these is an alternative theory saying we might learn aggression from role models around us meaning this theory might be incorrect?
Social Learning Theory
86
A neurone is
A nerve fibre which carries electrical signals in the brain
87
A neurotransmitter is
A chemical which carries messages between nerve cells
88
A hormone is
A chemical carried in the blood which spreads messages around the body
89
What is the central nervous system?
The brain and the spinal cord
90
What is this blue area of the brain?
Frontal lobe- responsible for emotional control and higher order thinking
91
What is this red area of the brain?
Occipital lobe- for vision
92
What is this green area of the brain?
Temporal lobe- for memory and hearing
93
What is this yellow area of the brain?
Parietal lobe- controling bodily sensation and movement
94
What is the role of a dendrite?
It collects signals and delivers them to the main body of the nerve cell
95
What is the role of a axon?
It carries the electrical signal down the length of the neurone
96
What is the role of an axon terminal?
It passes the electrical signal to the next neurone
97
What is the role of a myelin sheath?
It insulates the axon of the cell to stop the electrical signal disapating and speeding it up
98
What is a synapse?
The end of one neurone and the beginning of another which has a gap and information must pass across
99
What is a vesicle?
A 'bubble' which is full of neurostransmitters that it can release into the synaptic gap
100
What is a synaptic gap?
The space between two neurones which neurotransmitters must drift through
101
What is a receptor?
An area on the second neurone which neurotransmitters bind to and create a new impulse
102
What is the process of synaptic transmission?
A nerve impulse causes a release of neurotransmitter from the vesicles. These neurotransmitters drift across the synaptic gap. On the next neurone the neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites.
103
What is the role of Dopamine?
It creates a sense of reward or enjoyment
104
What is the role of Serotonin?
It creates a feeling of relaxation and happiness
105
What is the role of Cortisol?
It creates a feeling of stress
106
What is an action potential?
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
107
Where does a brain cell's activity begin?
-70mv resting potential
108
Where does the all-or-nothing principle come in?
-55mvs the threshold
109
What happens after a threshold has been met?
Depolarisation
110
What is depolarisation?
Where the cell is becoming less negative inside as ions move in and out
111
What is at the peak of the action potential graph?
+40mv the action potential firing
112
What happens after the action potential firees?
Repolarisation
113
What is repolarisation?
Where the cell is becoming more negative inside as ions move in and out
114
What happens at the end of the action potential process?
Hyperpolarisation where the inside of the cell gets extra negative
115
What is the aim of Raine's study?
To see activity differences in brain structure of cortical and subcortical areas of the brain between NGRI murderers and a control group of non-criminals
116
How many NGRI prisoners were in the sample?
41
117
How many males were in the group
39
118
What design was this study?
Matched Pairs
119
What were the participants and the control group matched on?
Age, gender and Schizophrenia
120
What control was put in place for the NGRI participants?
They were taken off their medication before the study
121
What task did the participants do?
Visual targetting task aka continuous performance test
122
What timings were used in the study?
Practice test then 10m later injected then CPT and finally 32m until PET scan
123
What were they injected with?
FDG
124
What scan was used?
A PET scan
125
What was found about the prefrontal lobe?
NGRI criminals had lower activity/glucose metabolism than the control
126
What was found about the right Amygdala?
NGRI criminals had higher activity/glucose metabolism than the control
127
What was found about the left Amygdala?
NGRI criminals had lower activity/glucose metabolism than the control
128
What did they find about the Corpus Callosum?
NGRI criminals had lower activity/glucose metabolism than the control
129
What is an issue with the sample?
The study was only on 41 NGRI criminals and so can' be applied to others
130
What is a strength of the design in this study?
The matched pairs means there are less participant variables making the results about brain activity more valid e.g. we know their age and schizophrenia isn't effecting their brain activity
131
What is a problem with the matching in this study?
They couldn't be matched on all traits e.g. handedness which might impact on their brain activity in the study
132
Is reliablity a strength or a weakness for Raine?
A strength as it is Standardised i.e. the tasks, timings and PET scan so you can easily repeat it to see if it is reliable
133
What is an issue with validity for Raine?
Low in ecological validity as the tasks/PET scan might not represent brain activity in real life situations
134
What is a strength of a control in Raine?
They were taken off their medication before the study which means we know that their medication wouldn't be impacting on their brain activity
135
What is a strength of using PET scans?
It is Empirical as we can directly measure the glucose metabolism in the brain areas
136
Why has Raine got issues with protection from harm?
Yes- it involves an invasive injection
137
What was the aim?
To see is Schizophenia is genetic and more prevalent in the biological families of Schizophrenics or the adopted families
138
What was the sample?
234 twin pairs (originally 322) from Quebec
139
123 of the twin pairs were genetically tested to check zygosity- what % agreement was there with the researchers assignment?
94%
140
What were the teachers asked to do?
Rate the children on social and physical aggression questions on a 3 point scale of often, sometimes, never
141
What questions were they asked?
e.g. how often do they hit, bit or kick another and for social aggression how often they become friends out of revenge
142
What were the children asked to do?
Circle pictures of the three children in class most likely to meet certain behaviour characteristics
143
Which of these are descriptors used?
e.g. tells mean secrets about another child and gets into fights
144
What were the results about physical aggression?
There is a much higher correlation (nearly double) between MZ than between DZ twins on Physical aggression
145
What were the results about social aggression?
The correlation between the MZ twins was similar to that of the DZ twins
146
What is the relationship between physical and social aggression?
There was a strong positive correlation on teacher ratings between social and physical aggression (0.79)
147
What causes physical aggression?
Genetics
148
What causes social aggression?
Environment
149
What is a strength of the sample?
It is a large sample of twins which makes the study more generalisable
150
What is a weakness of the sample?
It is ethnocentric as all the children were from quebec in canada which means the results about genetics might not apply to other cultures
151
Is the reliability of Brendgen good or bad?
The tests the teachers and students did were standardised AND comparing teacher and child scores means we have inter-rater reliability
152
What are two problems with using rating scales?
They only collected qualitative data so the responses couldn't be analysed to get statistical information to see if results were due to chance AND The scales can be interpreted differently by the teachers meaning the results might be less valid
153
What is good about using likert scale questions?
Quantitative data was gathered which allows statistical analysis to check if the results were due to chance
154
Why might protection from harm be an issue?
Highlighting the students might impact their relationships with each other
155
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger which is carried in the blood
156
What controls and releases hormones?
The endocrine system
157
What are four hormones which link to aggression?
Testosterone, Cortisol, Adrenaline and Serotonin
158
Which hormone balance is largely correlated to aggression?
High levels of testosterone correlates positively with aggression
159
Which brain area does the level of testosterone effect?
Amygdala
160
What effect does testosterone have on the Amygdala in people?
It lowers the activation threshold and refractionary period making it easier to fire and fire more
161
What does testosterone do to the hypothalamus and amygdala in the womb?
It decreases the cell growth in those areas
162
What is Cortisol for?
Stress
163
What is the effect of the Cortisol?
It mitigates the testosterone levels (so high cortisol stops high testosterone have a strong effect)
164
What is Serotonin for?
Relaxation/calmness
165
What is the effect of Serotonin on aggression?
High Serotonin correlates with lower aggression
166
What is Adrenaline for?
It plays a role in fight and flight responses so might link to aggression
167
Which of these did Dabbs et al (1996) show?
They found that the fraternities that had the highest average testosterone levels were also more wild and unruly
168
What did Dabbs et al 1995 show?
measured testosterone in the saliva of 692 adult male prisoners. They found higher levels in rapists and violent offenders than in burglars and thieves.
169
What did Beeman demonstrate?
He castrated male mice and found that aggressiveness reduced. He later injected the mice with testosterone which re-established their aggressiveness
170
What is a criticism of Beeman?
Animals brains and systems are different to humans and so the results might not apply to explain human aggression
171
What is a strength of using hormones to explain aggression?
This is an empirical explanation as you can measure the hormone levels directly making it a more objective and credible explanation of aggression
172
This is a correlational explanation what is a problem with this?
The evidence can't clearly tell us if high testosterone causes aggression or if being aggressive increases testosterone levels
173
Why is this theory reductionist?
It ignores other factors which could cause aggression and focuses only on hormones i.e. ignoring physical brain differences or upbringing
174
Which of these is an alternative theory saying we might learn aggression from role models around us meaning this theory might be incorrect?
Social Learning Theory
175
Aim
To see if there is a genetic basis for schizophrenia using an adoption study method
176
What was the sample of the study?
34 Adoptees with Schizophrenia and 33 controls (and all their families)
177
What were the adoptees and the control group matched on?
Age, gender, age of adoption and Social class of adoptive family
178
Where is the sample from?
Denmark
179
How did we check the 'Schizophrenia' for them and their family members
Review medical records
180
How many family members were looked at?
465
181
How were they all assessed as having 'schizophrenia spectrum disorder' or not?
4 Psychiatrists completing a blind diagnosis on the medical records
182
What was a finding about the Schizophrenic patients families?
The research found more signs of schizophrenic spectrum disorders in the index participants' biological family than their adoptive family
183
What was a finding between the Schizophrenia and control groups families?
They also found more spectrum disorders in the index participants' biological families than in the Controls' biological families. 8.7% Vs 19%
184
What is a weakness of the sample of Kety?
It is ethnocentric as all the participants are from Denmark so it isn't representative of a wider population
185
Are the results from this study reliable?
Kety tried to replicate this study at various points and the procedure could be repeated and found similar results
186
Is the procedure standardised/reliable?
Yes- the procedure of accessing medical records and having psychiatrists review them can be easily replicated
187
What can we say about inter-rater reliablity in Kety?
The study is high in inter-rater reliability because there were 4 psychistrists agreeing on the diagnosis
188
What is a problem with schizophrenia spectrum disorders?
It is not a clinical diagnosis as it involves various 'levels' of uncertainty so it might be subjective/invalid as a measure of Schizophrenia
189
What is a problem with adoption studies which is true of Kety?
There are shared environmental factors between the adoptee and their shared environment so we cannot separate nature from nurture fully
190
A neurone is
A nerve fibre which carries electrical signals (usually in the brain)
191
A neurotransmitter is
A chemical carried in the blood which spreads messages around the body
192
What is a synapse?
The end of one neurone and the beginning of another which has a gap and information must pass across
193
What is a vesicle?
A 'bubble' which is full of neurostransmitters that it can release into the synaptic gap
194
What is a synaptic gap?
The space between two neurones which neurotransmitters must drift through
195
What is a receptor?
An area on the second neurone which neurotransmitters bind to and create a new impulse
196
What is the role of Dopamine?
It creates a sense of reward or enjoyment
197
What is the effect of illicit drugs on neurotransmitters
They can either increase or decrease the neurotransmitters in the synapse
198
What is the effect on dopamine and the impact that has?
It increases the amount causing a feeling of euphoria
199
What is the effect on GABA and the impact that has?
GABA is increased by alcohol and decreases activity in areas of the brain
200
What did Olds and Milner find?
Rats with electrodes in certain areas of the brains are causes euphoria- stimulating these areas become addictive
201
What happens over time?
People build up a tolerance as receptors desensitise so more neurotransmitter is needed to activate them
202
What is withdrawal?
You go Your dopamine decreases rapidly and it makes you unhappy, you have physiological symptoms like the shakes
203
How does Cocaine work?
It blocks the reuptake of dopamine leading to more in the synapse
204
How does Heroin work?
It binds to Opioid receptors in the brain which leads to an increase in Dopamine
205
How does Alcohol work?
It increases the GABA amount in the synapse (as well as dopamine) shutting down certain brain areas
206
How does nicotine work?
It binds to Acetylcholine receptors which then trigger increased dopamine among other effects
207
What is the acronym to help remember Bowlby's concepts about attachment?
ASCMI
208
What is the 'A' in ASCMI?
Adaptive
209
What is the 'S' in ASCMI?
Social Releaser
210
What is the 'C' in ASCMI?
Critical period
211
What is the 'M' in ASCMI?
Monotropy
212
What is the 'I' in ASCMI?
Internal Working model
213
A social releaser is?
Things like crying which make a parent stay close and care for the baby
214
What does Adaptive mean?
Something which is beneficial to our survival e.g. having parents who love us when we are babies
215
Monotropy is?
a single bond considered more important than any other
216
The critical/sensitive period is?
where attachment needs to occur for a healthy, normal human to emerge
217
How long is the critical/sensitive period?
Around 2.5 years
218
A secure base is?
using your parent as a base from which to explore and interact with the world
219
An internal working model is?
where your early relationship becomes a schema for future relationships, how they treat you is stored in our memory
220
What is the continuity hypothesis?
The idea that our future relationships when we are older are similar to those we had with our parents when young
221
Which part of ASCMI does Robertson and Robertson specifically disagree with?
Monotropic bond/Critical period- They showed as long as their was good care it didn't need to be with the monotropic figure
222
How many of Bowlby's 44 thieves were considered affectionless Psychopaths?
14
223
What did Lorenz show?
Critical periods and attachment in general are adaptive and evolved
224
Hazan and Shaver show?
IWM is supported- childhood attachment does match adult attachment types
225
Spitz Shows?
The critical period is supported, children raised in an institution showed depressiona and behavioural issues
226
Evolutionary theories like this are a problem because?
Retrospective and post-hoc, you cannot measure our ancestors and so cannot make concrete judgements about it's validity
227
Rutter criticised Bowlby for
Over focus on the mother and focusing on the separation rather than the cause of separation
228
Schaffer and Emerson found what % of children had multiple bonds (disproving monotropic bonds)
27%
229
Why is Bowlby seen as socially controlling and socially sensitive (or lacking temporal validity at least)?
Reinforcing gender roles of women staying at home for childcare
230
What is a problem of the concept of the IWM/Schemas?
The IWM is not empirical because you cannot directly test them
231
What is attachment?
The loving bond between two people where they are not interchangable with others
232
What is the aim of Ainsworth's study?
To see if there are different types of attachment, what behaviours each shows and how parents influence the type?
233
What was the sample in Ainsworth?
Mothers and babies from USA (sample size varies depending on which study)
234
What type of observation is carried out in the stranger situation?
Controlled, non-participant
235
How many stages are in the strange situation and how long did they last?
Eight 3 minute stages but they could be cut short if mother wanted
236
What is separation anxiety?
If the chid gets upset when the parent leaves them
237
What is a secure base?
If the child uses the parent for comfort before exploring/needing them to explore
238
What is stranger anxiety?
If the chid gets upset when interacting with a stranger
239
What is reunion behaviour?
How easily they are comforted when their parent returns
240
What is the first and second stage of stranger situation?
Mother and child are together in the room playing together with toys
241
What is the third stage of stranger situation?
A stranger comes into the room, talks to the mother and attempts engagement with the child in the mothers presence.
242
What is the fourth stage of stranger situation?
Mother leaves the room leaving the child and stranger together, the stranger tries to engage and console the child, stranger anxiety is measured.
243
What is the fifth stage of stranger situation?
The mother returns and the stranger leaves the room. We look at reunion behaviour
244
What is the sixth stage of stranger situation?
The mother then leaves the child alone in the room, separation anxiety is measured.
245
What is the seventh stage of stranger situation?
The stranger enters the room with the child alone and attempts to play with the child.
246
What is the eights stage of stranger situation?
The mother returns and reunion behaviour is measured.
247
What % of children were insecure avoidant?
20
248
What % of children were secure?
70
249
What % of children were resistant?
10
250
The study concluded that type of attachment is caused by?
The level of sensitivity and responsiveness of the parent
251
Secure attachment is caused by?
Responsive parenting
252
Avoidant attachment is caused by?
Neglectful parenting
253
A secure child shows which behaviours
Stranger anxiety, parents as a secure base, separation anxiety and easily comforted on reunion
254
An Avoidant child shows which behaviours
No stranger or separation anxiety, explore without needing comfort (not using parents as a secure base), no need for comfort
255
A Resistant child shows which behaviours
No secure base,They're clingy and don't explore, strong stranger and separation anxiety, difficult to comfort on reunion and may lash out
256
Kagan criticised Ainsworth saying
Attachment type is due to a child's temperament rather than parental behavious
257
Main and Solomon criticised Ainsworth saying
There is at least one other type of attachment (disorganised) so her study/theory ignores this
258
What is a strength of Ainsworth for reliablity?
It can be replicated to test for reliability in the results about attachment types because it is standardised with the same 8 steps for each child
259
Can you give a weakness (and a however) for the generalisablity of the study?
The sample is only american mothers so might not be representative of attachment types in other cultures or father and child interactions, it however did include both male and female infants
260
The study was done covertly on the children using a one-way mirror, this is a strength because?
It is more valid as the children don't know they're taking part so show no demand characteristics in their interactions with the stranger
261
What is a weakness of conducting the strange situation as a structured observation?
It is low in ecological validity because the situation the children are in is artificial and might not apply to how they'd really be separated from mother
262
The study was a controlled environment (in the artifical playroom) we controlled meaning?
It is more valid as situational variables like the setting and stranger behaviour don't influence the children's behaviour
263
Which EV might effect the results on this study about attachment type
whether the child is used to being with others i.e. going to daycare
264
What is the main ethical issue we could say about Ainsworth?
Protection from harm as the babies were upset by their mother leaving
265
What is the 3 point procedure for a cross-cultural study?
Conduct research in one culture and then do the same procedure in another. Compare the results to see if they're the same or different. If they're the same it means it is a universal behaviour and due to nature
266
What was the most common type of attachment around the world-every culture, in all but 1 study, according to Vanijzendoorn?
Secure
267
Which culture in Vanijzendoorn had the highest rate of secure children?
Great Britain 75%
268
Which culture in Vanijzendoorn had the lowest rate of secure children?
China 50%
269
Which culture in Vanijzendoorn had the highest rate of avoidant children?
West Germany 35.3%
270
Which culture in Vanijzendoorn had the lowest rate of avoidant children?
Japan 5.2%
271
Which culture in Vanijzendoorn had the lowest rate of resistant children?
UK 2.8
272
Which culture in Vanijzendoorn had the highest rate of resistant children?
Israel 28.8%
273
The difference within cultures in Vanijzendoorn was greater than the difference between cultures?
True, 1.5x greater
274
The strange situation procedure used by Vanijzendoorn is ethnocentric?
True, It is a westernised procedure and has been theorised not to work in Japan
275
Takahashi and Miyake both found what percentage of avoidant attachment in Japan?
0%
276
Sagi found what % of resistant attachment in Israeli kibbutz?
50%
277
Grossman and Grossman found what % of Avoidant attachment in Germany?
49%
278
What did Durrett (1984) find?
In Japanese families where the mother has to leave the child to work attachment types are similar in percentage to Ainsworth’s study
279
What did Sagi (1991) find?
In Kibbutz where parents and children live together we see similar attachment percentage to Ainsworth
280
What are strengths of cross-cultural studies in terms of generalisablity?
It is less ethnocentric and will apply to more cultures making it more generalisable
281
What is the purpose of cross-cultural research?
It lets us see what behaviours are due to nature or nurture
282
What is a problem with conducting research in another culture (in terms of sample)?
You might not get a representative sample of that culture, missing subcultures, which might make the results less representative
283
What is a problem of cross-cultural procedures in terms of methods?
The procedure might not apply equally in all cultures and impact the results making them less valid
284
What is a problem of cross-cultural procedures in terms of researcher ethnocentrism?
There may be bias (or at least misunderstanding) the results from those cultures which reduces the validity.
285
What is the aim of Vanijzendoorn
To look for cross-cultural differences in attachment types
286
What was the sample size of Vanijzendorn
1990
287
How many cultures were involved in Vanijzendoorn
8
288
How many studies were used in Vanijzendoorn?
32
289
What method was vanijzendoorn?
Meta-analysis
290
What study method was vanijzendoorn looking at across cultures?
Strange Situation
291
What filters were put in place to select the studies in Vanijzendoorn?
only mothers and children, samples had to be larger than 35, no SEN kids and only studies looking at the 3 types of attachment
292
What was the most common type of attachment around the world-every culture (in all but 1 study)?
Secure
293
Which culture had the highest rate of secure children?
Great Britain (75%)
294
Which culture had the lowest rate of secure children?
China (50%)
295
Which culture had the highest rate of avoidant children?
West Germany (35.3%)
296
Which culture had the lowest rate of avoidant children?
Japan (5.2%)
297
Which culture had the lowest rate of resistant children?
Great Britain (2.8%)
298
Which culture had the highest rate of resistant children?
Israel (28.8%)
299
Which culture had the highest rate of resistant children?
Israel (28.8%)
300
The difference within cultures was greater than the difference between cultures?
True- 1.5x greater
301
The strange situation procedure used by Vanijzendoorn is ethnocentric?
True- It is a westernised procedure and has been theorised not to work in Japan
302
What is a strength of the sample of Vanijzendoorn?
It included 8 different cultures so we can say it isn't ethnocentric
303
Which of these is a problem with the sample of Vanijzendoorn?
Despite using 8 cultures there is still an imbalance i.e. collectivist vs individualistic AND it only included mothers
304
A problem with a meta-analysis?
Publication bias of the chosen studies
305
What effect do the filters have on the validity of this study?
Makes it more valid as it eliminates evs e.g. learning disabilities, relationships with others etc
306
Kagan criticised Ainsworth saying
Attachment type is due to a child's temperament rather than parental behavious
307
Main and Solomon criticised Ainsworth saying
There is at least one other type of attachment (disorganised) so her study/theory ignores this
308
What is a strength of Strange Situation for reliablity?
It can be replicated to test for reliability in the results about attachment types because it is standardised with the same 8 steps for each child
309
Is Vanijzendoorn reliable?
Yes the meta-analysis procedure and the filters etc are replicable because they are standardised
310
What is a weakness of conducting the strange situation as a structured observation?
It is low in ecological validity because the situation the children are in is artificial and might not apply to how they'd really be separated from mother
311
The study was a controlled environment (in the artifical playroom) we controlled meaning?
It is more valid as situational variables like the setting and stranger behaviour don't influence the children's behaviour
312
Which EV might effect the results on this study about attachment type
whether the child is used to being with others i.e. going to daycare
313
What is the main ethical issue we could say about Ainsworth?
Protection from harm as the babies were upset by their mother leaving
314
What is deprivation?
Having had an attachment form and then losing it
315
What can cause deprivation?
Death, hospitalisation, divorce, daycare/work
316
Signs of short term deprivation include:
Protest, Despair, Detachment
317
What is Protest?
The child gets upset, cries etc
318
Despair is?
When the child shows low emotions, sadness and mopiness
319
Detachment is?
The bond between parent and child is and takes time to recover
320
What can long term deprivation lead to?
A poor/damaged internal working model
321
What is a problem with a damaged internal working model?
It can lead to Affectionless Psychopathy, Delinquency & relationship issues
322
What is affectionless psychopathy?
A lack of remorse, guilt for actions and caring for others
323
What can help to reduce deprivation effects?
Substitute care like Robertson, Key workers in daycare as an alternative attachment, Being part time at nursery, Seeing both parents, visiting hours at hospital, Maintain routines
324
What did Robertson discover?
They discovered children in hospital went through PDD
325
What did Bowlby 44 thieves do/find?
Interviewed 44 criminal teens and 44 controls about childhood and clinical interviews. They found 17 of the criminals had separations vs 2 in control. 14 were Affectionless vs 0 in control.
326
What did Olsvasky do/find?
fMRI scanned 33 instutionalised children and a control. The parents assessed their child for indiscriminate friendliness. He found that the institutionalised children did show less difference in amygdala functioning between mothers and strangers compared to the control group.
327
What did Spitz do/find?
Institutionalised children were more likely to show depression, especially after 3 months and it took months for bond to record
328
What did Goldfarb do/find?
studied 15 children who had stayed in an institution up to the age of 3 before being fostered. He compared them to a group of children who had been fostered from 6 months of age. He found that those who were fostered later showed more problems in adolescence compared to those who were fostered early
329
What did Rutter do/find?
Studied boys and found . He found that the majority did not become delinquent, but for those who did the separation usually involved other stressful factors such as a parent in prison, mental health issues, and family breakdown. This was what caused the issues
330
What did Skeels and Dye do/find?
Compared children from a care home to those from an institution Children looked after in the care home had an improved IQ over an 18 month period, where as children from institute had a reduced IQ
331
What did Follan and Minnis do/find?
Relooked at the 44 thieves and decided that affectionless psychopathy would nowadays be classed as reactive attachment disorder and it is the mistreatment rather than separation which causes it.
332
What is an issue with many studies like Robertson and Robertson, Goldfarb etc
They are case studies with small samples so are not representative of a wider population
333
What are applications of research into deprivation?
They can inform care e.g. using key workers and named nurses to reduce deprivation
334
What is an issue with studies like Goldfarb which Rutter highlights?
It might be the mistreatment/institutionalisation which causes the issues not the separation itself
335
What is a strength of Olsvasky?
It is empirical as measures brain activity
336
What is a weakness of Bowlby 44 thieves using interviews?
Bowlby used retrospective interviews and so bias/social desirability is an issue even though they gather large amounts of data
337
What is an issue with much of the research looking at institutions etc?
They lack temporal validity as institution and hospital policies have changed
338
What is a strength of using a control group like many deprivation studies do?
They allow for a comparision with the deprived group which allows for a more valid comparison to see the effects of deprivation
339
Privation is?
Having never had an attachment figure/attachment made
340
Briefly describe Genie's upbringing
She was locked up, rarely spoken to, strapped to a potty chair, discovered at 13
341
Briefly describe The Czech twins upbringing
They were locked up by their dad and step mam, found at age 7 and were malnourished
342
Briefly describe the case of Bulldog banks/Freud and Dann
They had been brought up in concentration camps throughout the war and then brought to the UK
343
What were the Czech twins like when found?
They hadn't been taught to speak, had no knowledge, of eating habits and were very frightened of people, and of the dark
344
What is evidence from Genie privation can be overcome
She was able to learn some language and formed bonds with her carers
345
What is evidence from Genie privation cannot be overcome
She never developed normal grammar and syntax and was easily set back losing the language she had
346
What tests were conducted on Genie
EEG scans, observations and language tests
347
What evidence did the Czech twins provide that privation can be overcome?
They had normal IQ development by 14, had normal lives and careers
348
What behaviours were shown by the children of Bulldog Banks
They showed very strong attachments with one another, were distrusting of adults and would bite them
349
How does Bulldog Banks show that privation can be somewhat overcome?
improved after they were found i.e. made bonds with adults, though one had later emotional issues
350
Why isn't Genie a good case to look at Pirvation?
EEG scans show that she may have had learning disabilities from birth
351
What did Tizard find about privation?
He looked at institutionalised children who were either adopted or restored. At 16 the majority of the adoptive mothers felt that their child was deeply attached to them vs only a half of the restored children. However, ex-institutional children had poorer relationships with peers than a comparison group
352
What did Rutter find about privation?
He looked at Romanian Orphans and found Romanian children adopted after 6 months old made progress, they still continued to experience significant problems, such as difficulties forming attachments and social interaction. These behaviours included indiscriminate friendliness, a lack of selectivity in attachment figures, and an inappropriate willingness to approach and interact with strangers
353
What could an issue be with generalisability of these studies?
They are case studies, so are unique
354
Other than generalisability what is an issue with all these case studies?
They have control issues with extraneous variables making them less valid i.e. age, learning disabilities etc
355
What criticism could be levelled at the studies about Czech twins & Bulldogbanks
They might be deprivation rather than privation as they had a chance to form bonds with each other
356
What additional issue did Genie have that the other individuals didn't which makes it difficult to figure out if privation can be overcome?
Learning difficulties
357
Which of the studies has issues with Temporal validity because the situation it was studying would be unlikely to occur nowadays due to changes in 'institutional' care i.e. encouraging staff not to bond with children?
The likes of Rutter and Tizard because they look at institutions which are very different now than what they were at the time
358
What is daycare?
Care provided to a child by someone other than a parent, usually in the form of a day nursery
359
What is the correct ratio for children under 2 to members of staff and why is this good?
3:1 so they can provide enough attention and cognitive stimulation?
360
What is a key worker and why are they neeeded?
The named member of staff responsible for the wellbeing of specific students who they are to attach to
361
What level of qualification do nursery staff need to be classed as 'good quality' in Campbell?
at least Level 2 so that they're trained in proper methods of childcare and cognitive stimulation
362
Why is low staff turnover good for children?
It lets children form attachments and the children to understand the children better
363
What are the benefits of daycare?
Improved confidence, possibly improved cognition/language, more sociable (or understand social rules e.g. sharing)
364
What are the drawbacks of daycare?
Effects attachment style, makes children more aggressive
365
What did EPPE/Sylva (2004) find about disadvantage background?
Daycare was more important/effective for these children
366
What did EPPE/Sylva (2004) find about hours in daycare?
Part-time provides no significant difference to children than full-time
367
What did Andresson find about daycare?
children who went to high quality day care before the age of one were more socially and cognitively advanced by the age of 8.
368
What did Li find out about Daycare?
Children in high quality daycare improved their academic abilities, memory abilities and language abilities
369
What did Belsky and Rovine find about daycare?
that children who were put into day care for 20 hours a week, before they were one, had an insecure avoidant attachment
370
What did Campbell find out about daycare hours?
Children who spent long days in day care (e.g. from 8am to 6pm) under age 3 were less socially competent. Children who spent more days in day care, but shorter days, were more socially competent
371
What did Clarke & Stewart find about daycare?
Children who had attended nurseries could cope better in social situations, and were able to interact better with peers, compared with children previously looked after in family settings. They also found it didn't effect attachment style
372
What did Sammons find about daycare?
Analysed data and showed that there is a slight risk of antisocial behaviour when children spend more than 20 hours per week in nurseries.
373
What did DiLalla find about daycare?
negative correlation between the amount of time spent in day care and pro-social behaviour
374
What did Shea find about daycare?
Children became more sociable the longer they were in day care
375
What did EPPE find about cognitive and social development?
high quality day care benefitted cognitively and socially and they showed more independence
376
What did Pennebaker find about daycare?
Shy children do less well in daycare settings and will receive less benefits
377
What did ALSPAC show about daycare?
Looking at 14,000 children daycare had no impact on antisocial behaviour or aggression
378
What did Tizard find about daycare?
It had less cognitive benefits than being at home due to greater attention and enrichment in conversations from mothers
379
What did the NICHD find about daycare?
Children in daycare had more aggression and 3 times the amount of temper tantrums
380
The aim of Li was?
To see the effects of high and low quality care on children's cognitve abilities
381
What was the sample of Li?
1364 families from USA
382
At one month old the children were assessed on things like ethnicity, birth order, maternal age, parental education etc- why?
To account for those as extraneous/confounding variables
383
What was the observation conducted in Li?
O.R.C.E 44mins given in both infant and preschool ages
384
On the observation scores above what were deemed as 'high quality' (and below as 'low quality')
3
385
What traits did they look for to label something as 'high quality'
Sensitivity to needs, cognitive stimulation and fostering exploration
386
When was the end of the infant period?
24m
387
What tests were conducted during the infant period?
Bayley mental development index
388
When was the end of the pre-school phase?
54m
389
What tests were conducted during the infant period?
Woodcock & Johnson cognitive achievement battery and Preschool Language scale
390
What result was found about high quality infant care?
Those in high quality infant care had improved cognitive scores
391
What was found about preschool?
High-quality preschool causes improvement in cognitive and language, reading, and maths results.
392
What was found about the children who went from high quality care in infancy to low quality care in pre-school
They lost out on the cognitive advantages they had (compared to the low-low kids) other than in memory
393
Where did Li get her data from?
The NICHD
394
A strength and a weakness of Li's sample is?
Relatively large (so more generalisable) but ethnocentric (so less generalisable)
395
What is a strength for the reliablity of Li?
The various measures like ORCE, Bayley Developmental index etc were standardised making the study more reliable
396
This study has triangulation and so is more valid because?
There were various measures like Bayley Development index and Woodcock Johnson to compare the results against each other
397
Why did they look at things like birth order and maternal age at 1 month?
By looking for the confoudning variables like birth order they can be ruled out as a factor making this studies results about the impact of daycare
398
What is an issue with li using Secondary data?
The data wasn't gathered by her so she cannot be fully sure it was gathered correctly and it might not have been fully operationalised in the best way for this study
399
Is Li high in ecological validity?
Yes- they are children in their normal daycare setting, so the results about the impact should apply to real life
400
Why would this study have low validity?
There will be lots of Extraneous Variables over the years of daycare which impact on the children's development which cannot be accounted for
401
Why is Li reductionist?
It used 3.0 as a cutoff for high quality rather than anything more nuanced and only looked at cognitive development
402
This study mainly collects quantiative data, why is this good?
It allows for comparison of the effects of daycare which can be statistically analysed to see if it significant and it's more objective
403
Which gender does autism effect more often?
Males
404
What % of autistic people are male?
75 percent
405
What do we mean by Autism Spectrum?
Autism is a spectrum disorder going from low end (not requiring much support/high functioning) to a high end
406
What % of autistic people have savant abilities?
Only approximately 10 percent of people with Autism
407
Autistic people will often like?
Routine, rules and order
408
What abilities can autistic people often have issues with?
Reading and understanding emotions in others AND social interactions
409
What is true about the speech of autistic people?
They have delayed speech (speaking years late or not at all in some cases) and speech difficulties
410
What are sensory issues we see with autistic people?
Unusual responses to sensory experiences, such as indifference to pain/temperature, adverse responses to specific sounds or textures, or excessive smelling or touching of objects
411
The EMB theory of autism states that autism develops as a result of?
Excess exposure to testosterone in the womb
412
EMB is more common in males than females. The ratio is?
a 3 to 1 ratio
413
What is the effect of exposure to testosterone in the womb?
Brain structure takes on more masculine qualities in its structure
414
What is a brain difference we see with autistic people?
The amygdala is already larger by around 3 years of age and continues to expand faster than in nonautistic control children for several years thereafter, this was suggested to be linked with increased social impairment
415
What 'type' of person are autistic people?
Extreme Systemisers to a greater extent than an average male
416
A systemiser is?
Someone who looks for rules, patterns and structure
417
This theory can explain why there is a greater ratio of males with autism to females
True- as they already have male brain/testosterone exposure
418
How can this explain some of the abilities and focuses seen by some autistic people?
This theory explains why special abilities tend to be in maths/spatial ability etcas these are helped by systemising skills
419
The fact children with autism are low in 'empathising ability' can explain
Why they have difficulty reading others/social interactions
420
The fact children with autism are low in 'empathising ability' can explain
Lack of language abilities/delayed language
421
What did Baron-Cohen found which supports EMB?
They did have higher levels of testosterone in the womb
422
What did Baron-Cohen found which conflicts EMB?
Other hormones such as progesterone and cortisol were also higher in the womb
423
Falter (2007) found what which supports EMB?
Autistic children didt better at asks like mental rotation and figure disembedding
424
What did Falter (2007) find which contradicts this theory?
Autistic children preformed worse on 'male tasks' like targetting tasks
425
Wen & Wen (2014) found
Autistic children had differences in the Amygdala when scanned
426
What is a strength of this theories testability?
It is empirical as it can measure brain structure and hormone exposure directly
427
Give a validity point about EMB theory
This theory has face validity as it is able to explain traits seen in those with autism
428
Why is ToM an issue for this theory?
It suggests that a cognitive deficit is the cause of autism not testosterone in the womb
429
Does EMB theory have issues with cause and effect?
Yes- the research is correlational so we don't know if testoserone in the womb is a cause of autism or a result of a child with autism
430
What is a weakness of this theory related to the hormone exposure?
There are other hormonal differences like cortisol, progesterone etc which could be an influence
431
The ToM theory suggests that autism is caused by
A cognitive deficit the impaired Theory of Mind
432
What is a theory of mind?
The ability to understand the perspective of others, the ability to decentre
433
What issues would an impaired theory of mind lead to in children?
Difficulty in reading others emotions and social interactions and issues with pretend play amongst others
434
When does Theory of Mind usually develop in children?
Around 2 years of age
435
A systemiser is?
Someone who looks for rules, patterns and structure
436
What does Systemising have to do with ToM?
Since they cannot read others they use systemising skills to make sense of the world around them
437
Does ToM explain why there is a greater ratio of males with autism to females
False- it doesn't comment on gender ratios
438
The fact children with autism are low in 'empathising ability'/lack ToM can explain
Why they have difficulty reading others/social interactions
439
What trait of autism can TOM not explain?
The male to female ratio
440
Why is EMB an issue for this theory?
It suggests that hormones are the cause for autism in the womb and the cognitve deficits are a result of that not the cause
441
Does ToM have issues with cause and effect?
Yes- the research is correlational so we don't know if deficit of ToM causes autism or is a result of having autism
442
Is ToM empirical?
No- you cannot measure thoughts/Theory of Mind directly
443
What does the Sally-Anne test show?
Autistic children have difficulty with ToM tasks identifying what sally knows whereas 'normal' children and those with down syndrome don't
444
What does the eyes task by Baron-Cohen show?
Adults with autism have difficulty with ToM tasks whereas neurotypical adults and those with Tourettes don't
445
What did Schick (2007) show?
Deaf children with hearing parents also fail ToM tests suggesting it is more about language deficits rather than autism
446
What did Sheeran (2013) show?
There is no difference in ToM skills between children who are neurotypical and autistic i.e. mental state reasoning
447
What is CBT based on?
Cogntive Psychology/negative thoughts
448
What does CBT focus on helping Autistic children with?
Anxiety which is caused by their autistic traits
449
How does CBT work?
Altering the negative/dysfunctional thoughts which cause anxiety. Identify, Challenge, Change/Replace
450
How is CBT conducted?
One to one with a therapist weekly
451
What is the first step of CBT for autistic people?
Identify the situations and THOUGHTS which cause anxiety with the therapist?
452
What is the second step of CBT for autistic children?
They challenge their anxiety inducing thoughts by looking for evidence
453
What is the final stage of CBT for autistic children?
Changing the maladaptive thoughts which cause anxiety by replacing them with better ones
454
What is the ABC model for CBT?
Activating event, belief, consequence
455
Why is CBT possibly difficult for autistic people?
People with autism might find it difficult to recognise emotions and abstract thoughts needed in CBT
456
What are the common alterations to make CBT more accessible to those with Autism?
Repitition, visual cues i.e. thermometer rather than a ten point scale
457
What did Sofronoff find?
CBT helped the children have less anxiety and identify strategies to reduce anxiety
458
What did Wood find?
It was found to be effective just after the therapy and at least 3 months later
459
How might ABA be better than CBT?
It focuses on a narrow set of behaviours i.e. just anxiety so it is less useful than ABA
460
What is good about CBT being individualised?
It is individually tailored i.e. different causes of anxiety/thoughts so can be more useful/effective
461
Is CBT for autism long lasting?
It should be able to bring about lasting effects as it teaches a skill
462
Why is CBT better than ABA?
It is less socially controlling as it doesn't change behaviours we dislike but rather focuses on their wellbeing
463
Why mght CBT not be appropriate for autistic children?
It requires language and cognitive abilities which they might find too difficult to engage with
464
What is an issue with the testability of CBT?
The effects of reduction in anxiety isn't directly empirical so the effects might not be valid
465
What is ABA based on?
Operant conditioning
466
The A in 'ABC' stands for
Antecedant, the behaviour such as the question which prompts the autistic child
467
The B in 'ABC' stands for
Behaviour, what the autistic child does e.g. responding to the question or instruction
468
The C in 'ABC' stands for
Consequence, wor not by the therapisthether they are rewarded
469
What behaviours does ABA focus on?
Socially significant behaviours e.g. communication, food refusal
470
What happens when we see 'positive' behaviours we want to see i.e. eye contact
They are positively reinforced with a reward
471
What happens when we see 'negative' behaviours we do not want to see i.e. food refusal
Nothing, they are ignored. We restate original request/prompt
472
Why do we ignore negative behaviours shown by autistic children?
So they go extinct without reinforcement, thus reducing them
473
Why do we reward the 'positive' behaviours?
To increase their occurrence
474
How is the therapy conducted?
one to one with a therapist over many intensive hours and it is individualised to that specitic autistic child
475
What is discrete trial training?
Breaking down complicated behaviours into simpler steps which can be rewarded to build behaviour through shaping
476
What did Lovaas find?
47% of children undergoing ABA were able to achieve 'normal' school functioing vs only 2% in control
477
What does Gale find about ABA?
It was effective in reducing food refusal behaviour
478
What did Warren find?
The research into ABA has not shown consistent enough results to make claims about its effectiveness
479
Why is ABA better than CBT?
ABA is accessible/effective for most levels of the autism spectrum as it doesn't require specific skills from the children
480
What did Gale find?
ABA increased food acceptance from the children involved
481
What did Cebula find?
ABA improves the interactions between the autistic child and their siblings
482
Why is ABA being individualised good?
It makes it more effective because it is individually tailored to the behaviours the child needs to work on and the rewards they will respond to
483
What are arguments ABA long lasting or not?
It has been shown to work for a long while after the therapy however if you aren't rewarding them consistently then the behaviours might stop
484
What is a major issue many have with autism?
It is socially controlling as it alters children's behaviour to what we see as important but might not be what they want
485
What is an ethical issue with ABA?
It is said to have ethical issues as the therapy can be distressing for the child
486
What sort of abilities can CBT not help with?
It might struggle with things like increasing perspective taking and understanding emotions
487
What is the purpose of cross cultural research?
To identify if a behaviour is due to nature (universal) or due to nurture (culturally specific) and make comparisons between cultures
488
How do we do cross cultural research?
conduct the same procedure in multiple countries/cultures and compare results
489
What are three benefits of cross cultural research?
Reduces ethnocentric bias
Provides appropriate measures of behaviour if it works cross culturally
Gain understanding of impact of culture on behaviour
490
What are three weaknesses of cross cultural research?
Specific research methods may not apply in certain locations
May lead to an imposed etic
Can overlook cultural differences if the researcher does not understand the culture
May not represent all subcultures
491
In Ainsworths research in the USA, she found what percentage of children were securely attached?
75%
492
In Ainsworths research in the USA, she found what percentage of children had avoidant attachment?
20%
493
In Ainsworths research in the USA, she found what percentage of children had resistant attachment?
10%
494
Sagi researched attachment in which country?
Isreal
495
Describe Sagi's results for all three attachment styles
Secure - 37%
Avoidant - 13%
Resistant - 50%
496
Where did Grossman and Grossman do research into attachment?
Germany
497
Describe the results Grossman and Grossman found for all attachment types
Secure - 33%
Avoidant - 49%
Resistant - 18%
498
Where did Miyake conduct his research?
Japan
499
Describe Miyake's results for all attachment styles
Secure - 68%
Avoidant - 0%
Resistant - 32%
500
What cultural factor can explain the high % of avoidant children in Germany?
They tend to prioritise independence in their children so encourage them to play alone
