Cognitive Flashcards

Question

who proposed MSM

Answer 1

Atkinson and shiffrin

Answer 2

cENTRAL executive phonological loop visuo spatial sketchpad dual processing

Answer 3

Controls the other components of working memory. A supervisory system that allocates information to the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. It deals with shifting and dividing attention and is involved with higher cognitive function such problem solving.

Answer 4

This part of the system deals with temporary storage of auditory (spoken and written) information.

Answer 5

primary acoustic store articulatory loop

Answer 6

Primary acoustic store (the “inner ear”) holds auditory memory traces (spoken information). Capacity is very limited. Memory trace decays after 2 secs if not rehearsed.

Answer 7

Articulatory loop (the “inner voice”). Sub-vocally rehearses auditory information (rehearsing information in your head without talking).

Answer 8

The visuospatial sketch pad (the “inner eye”) holds the information we see such as images, shapes, colours and positioning of objects. Anything which uses spatial awareness such as navigation, such as finding your way through a building, uses the visuospatial scratchpad. Capacity is 3-4 objects.

Answer 9

regarded as having limited capacity but with the ability to deal with different types of sensory information (modality free).

Answer 10

The visual cache store information about form and colour. The inner scribe deals with retrieval and rehearsal.

Answer 11

The phonological store has a very limited capacity and is unable to cope with the demands of two tasks at once so results in poor performance in processing. This is the same for visual information. However, if you are presented with both visual information and sound information at the same time (as these are separate stores) you can do this!

Answer 12

P. There is evidence to support the idea of the Phonological loop: E. Broca’s area is suggested to be involved in the rehearsal side of the phonological loop. If someone has a damaged Broca’s area they might know what they want to say but can’t speak. C. This suggests the PL deals with auditory memories

Answer 13

P. There is evidence to support the idea of the Visio-Spatial Sketchpad: E. Evidence for the limited capacity for spatial memory comes from Corsi Block Experiments (participants have to repeat a tapping sequence) as it has been found that errors increase with the number of blocks in the sequence. C.This highlights the limited capacity of VSSP.

Answer 14

P. There is evidence to support the idea of Central Executive: E. Logie et al. (1986) found that patients with dementia seem to have impaired functioning of the central executive, as they found it very difficult to complete the three tasks together, even though they used different components of the WMM. C. This suggests that there is a separate component for the CE in WMM.

Answer 15

P. There is evidence to show verbal and visual memory are stored in different parts of the brain. E. Case study of KF shows damage to his short-term memory following a motorcycle accident. KF's impairment affected his processing of verbal information whereas his ability to process visual information was largely unaffected. C. This shows that there are separate STM components for visual information (VSSP) and verbal information (phonological loop).

Answer 16

P. The VSSP may not be able to explain how all visual and spatial memories are stored. E. Lieberman (1980) criticises working memory by pointing out that blind people have spatial memory even though they may never have had any visual information. C. This shows that the WMM’s explanation of the VSSP is too simplistic.

Answer 17

P. There is evidence that visual and spatial memories are stored in different areas. E. Smith and Jonides (1997) showed differences in brain activation with PET scans during visual and spatial tasks. C. This supports the view that the visuo-spatial sketchpad not being one store.

Answer 18

Episodic Buffer was added in 2000 as a limited capacity storage system that integrates information from the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop and feeds in to and retrieves information from LTM. This shows that the WWM was not a complete explanation of memory initially focusing only on the CE, VSSP and PL.

Answer 19

Baddeley (expierment 3)

Answer 20

Long Term Memory encodes semantically – that we remember things based not on their sounds, but on their meanings

Answer 21

investigate the influence of acoustic and semantic word similarity on learning and recall in short term and long term memory

Answer 22

72 men and women (overall) from applied psychlogy research panel in cambrudge using independent measures design

Answer 23

list A = 10 acoustically similar words e.g man cat mad can List B = 10 acoustically dissimilaar words eg. day cow pen few List C = 10 Semantically similar words eg. great large big huge lIST D = 10 semantically dissimilar words eg. hot safe thin deep strong

Answer 24

There was 4 trials for the same list 1. These words were presented on a slide projector, one word every three seconds with two second slide changeover. 2. distraction task = six eight-digit recalls, which were presented one digit per second 3. they had to recall the words from the list in the order they learnt them in (serial recall) 4. Followed by a 15-minute self-paced digit copying task before a final ‘surprise’ of the words in the correct order.

Answer 25

tendency for intitial learning to be impaired by acoustic similar words compared to dissimilar words in STM. However,once the acoustic words were learnt There were no significant differences in the recall between trial 4 and the retest between acoustic similar and dissimilar words

Answer 26

showed slower learning over the four trials than the semantic

Answer 27

semantically similar words had signficanly lower level of correct recall in thre surprise retest than the semantic dissimilar words in LTM

Answer 28

LTM is impaired by semantic similarity. initial info may be encoded acousticaly (STM), for it to be retained there needs to be semantic meaning linked to it

Answer 29

1. P-One weakness is that a restricted sample was used E-a certain type of person may have applied to a research panel in Cambridge to investigate how acoustic and semantic similarity/dissimilarity affect memory. C-Therefore, the results may not be representative of how STM and LTM memory works in people who did not apply to the research panel in Cambridge. 2. P-The study by Baddeley used an artificial task and setting E-such as a university laboratory in Cambridge with an artificial task of on a slide projector, one word every three seconds, participant then had to recall the words from the list in the order they learnt them(serial recall) C-Therefore, the study is low in EV as the behaviour may not be representative of how people learn through semantically and acoustically similar information in LTM & STM memories in the real world.

Answer 30

1. P-The procedure by Baddeley is standardised as all PPTs completed the same tasks E-participant did four trials of the same word list (e.g. semantically similar words) which were presented on a slide projector, one word every three seconds C-This means the study by Baddeley is high in reliability as it can be easily replicated in the future to see if the results on the influence of acoustic and semantically similar word learning and recall in the STM and LTM are consistent over time. 2. P-One strength is that demand characteristics will be lower E-as participants only took part in either the similar or dissimilar word lists so would not have guessed the aim C-Therefore, validity should be higher as participants recall of the similar and dissimilar words will be more accurate of their actual STM and LTM memory.

Answer 31

These often involve studying a single participant or a small group of participants with brain-damage looking at a their memory . They can be longitudinal by investigating the same person’s memory over a period of time looking at how behaviour memory may have changed after the damage. Case studies often involve a range of different methods to collect data, the information from the different memory tests is then triangulated to create a conclusion about the causes of behaviour problems with memory. Data can be qualitative such as from interviews with the brain-damaged patient and their family leading to detailed information to be collected about the behaviour changes to their memory. Data can be quantitative such as from memory tests or scans providing a comparative measure that looks at changes in behaviour memory over time.

Answer 32

Henry Molaison

Answer 33

Investigate impact of a surgical procedure on Hm at age 27 that resulted in no new mems being stored

Answer 34

HM was suffering from epilepsy so had the brain surgery in order to cure his condition. During the surgery his hippocampus, part of the brain which controls short-term memory, was removed. This cured HM’s epilepsy but affected his short-term memory as he was no longer able to process information and store it in the long-term memory. For example, he was unable to learn any new words or remember people’s faces even though he had only spoken to them. He did retain his motor skills and was able to improve his drawing abilities. The neurosurgeons who studied HM diagnosed him as suffering from global amnesia due to the removal of both of his hippocampi, an operation which was never again repeated due to its severe consequences on people’s memory.

Answer 35

M couldn’t form any new episodic memories (if his parents were alive) or remember who the president was (semantic). HM shows that the STM and LTM are separate (supports multi-store model) as STM memories could not be rehearsed to LTM, but he could remember events prior to 11 years before his surgery (LTM) HM provides evidence for the multi-store model as HM could not make new memories due to his lack of rehearsal ability due to hippocampus being removed to move things to his LTM. HM provides evidence for a phonological loop as it suggests he needed rehearsal buffer to move information from STM to LTM. This must reside partially in the hippocampus. HM goes against LTM being just episodic and semantic and that there should be a procedural memory store in LTM as he could learn to draw through a maze and use a walking frame even though he couldn’t remember being taught them.

Answer 36

- hE COULD RECALL everything prior to the surgery but couldnt encode new ones - he could only remember things for up to 30 seconds - he still had his semantic memories from before the surgery (faces, songs) - he could learn new motor skills like becoming faster at drawing a picture

Answer 37

1. P-One strength of HM is that evidence was collated over 55 years. E- For example, this evidence support the relevance of the hippocampus in memory processing. C-This increases the accuracy of the findings as HM’s memory was repeatedly tested over an extended period of time. 2. P-One strength of HM is that he was tested over time, using the same processes. E-For example, he was tested using the concentric stars task. C- This increases the replicability of the study as the same results were consistently found for his memory impairment following the removal of his hippocampus.

Answer 38

P-One weakness of HM is that it is one single case study. E- For example, HM’s case focussed on his processing issues as a result of his surgery. C- This may limit how generalisable the findings are to other people who have had trauma to their brain and subsequent impaired memory functioning. 2. P-One weakness of HM is that he was tested for 55 years. E- As this was a long time, HM had no recollection of previous testing on his memory that had occurred. C-This may have resulted in protection from harm issues, as he was unable to give meaningful consent to participate in tests.

Answer 39

Epiosidc and semantic memory stores Episodic = experiences Semantic = knowledge

Answer 40

10th birthday party First day at primary school Favourite Teacher First Crush First Memory First book Favourite Song

Answer 41

mental diary of info about events an individual has been involved in (memory for specific events uve experienced)

Answer 42

potentially unlimited

Answer 43

memory is time and context referenced like Learnt, smells, visuals, spatial materials , emotional state u were in at that time

Answer 44

retrieval on cues encoded at the point of learning

Answer 45

cue retrieval failure. Memory trace can be transformed/ changed when recalled

Answer 46

mental encyclopedia of facts, general knowledge and the meanings we give to symbols like words and language

Answer 47

Capacity - pot unlim encoding - input can be fragmentary retrieval - retrieval cue dependent forgetting - more robust and less susceptible to change

Answer 48

P-Tulving’s explanation of long-term memory could be classed as reductionist as it gives a simplistic view of LTM. E- For example, it only looking at two components, episodic (autobiographical) and semantic (factual) memory to explain LTM. C- This is a strength because it means predictions can be made about how people form their long term memories and where their memories may come from. For example, knowing that episodes of memory are likely to personal, may explain why people remember their first day at primary school.

Answer 49

P-Tulving’s theory fails to consider individual differences as people are unique in their memories. E- For example, it fails to explain why some people can recall personal memories without being in the same context that the memory was made. C-This lowers the validity of the theory because (episodic) memory is not an accurate representation of how memories are learned and recalled in all individuals and therefore cannot be generalised to explain memory formation in everyone.

Cognitive Flashcards

(75 cards)