Cognitive Affective Bases Flashcards
(97 cards)
What is sensation
The detection of stimulation
Sensory information is first represented in the
short-term sensory stores
What is signal detection theory?
Previous theory about sensation that says that humans separate meaningful stimuli from “noise”. Response bias leads some people to categorize stimuli as meaningful vs noise.
What are the types of response bias that can be set?
Liberal response bias, if it is more costly to miss a target. Conservative response bias, if it is more costly to incorrectly characterize a stimulus as a target rather than noise.
What is discriminability (d’) in signal detection theory?
separation (signal strenght)/spread (background noise during stimulus presentation)
What is perception?
The detection and interpretation of sensory information. It takes into account context, our previous experiences and our current psychological state of mind.
40% of our brain is involved in processing (____) information, which tends to dominate our attention and perception.
Visual
What is hierarchical perceptual processing?
Information is processed and then sent to other cells or neuroanatomical structures for further processing.
What is parallel perceptual processing?
Information is simultaneously processed and by various cells or structures that have access to each other’s information and is integrated.
Multisensory processing is (more/less) advantageous, requires (more/less) attentional resources, likely actives the **(blank) **and (blank) lobes, and involves activity of (neurotransmitter).
More, more, frontal, parietal, acetylcholine
What is selective attention?
The ability to attend to certain stimuli and ignore others. It involves facilitating and inhibiting resources.
Different from global states of attention like sleep, wakefulness.
What is the Posner paradigm and what is valid and invalid cueing?
We are quicker to detect objects that have been cued before. Valid cues inform about a location where something relevant will happen, invalid cues inform of a location where nothing relevant will happen. Valid cueing increases accuracy and speed of detection.
Increasing attentional load will (increase/reduce) the interference of a distractor.
Reduce
What is attentional blindness? What is the classic example?
People sometimes fail to notice unexpected salient objects when their attention is otherwise occupied. Example is failing to notice a someone in a gorilla suit during a basketball game when instructed to track an aspect of the game.
Name and describe the three reasons why our attentional resources are limited.
- Strucural interference: The more similar tasks are, the more they compete for our attention.
- General resource: general limit to amount of attentional resources. Shown when attention is divided by two non-interfering tasks.
- Behavioral coherence- We can’t have multiple motor responses at the same time.
In the Stroop Effect, attention to (objects/attributes) takes precedence over attention to (objects/attributes).
Objects, attributes. You attend to the word (object) more than the attribute (color of ink).
What is attentional load theory?
The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of processing required by the attended stimulus. The more resources are required to process the attended stimulus, the less the interference of other stimuli.
Reflexive attention is a (bottom-up/top-down) process, while voluntary attention is a (bottom-up/top-down) process.
Bottom-up, top-down.
What is reflexive attention?
When sensory information is captured in a stimulus-driven way, especially stimuli with a high survival value (e.g., smell of smoke).
What is voluntary attention?
Ability to intentionally attend to something.
What is the conjunction search paradigm (Treisman)?
Participant is asked to search for a particular stimulus that satisfies two conditions among an array of stimuli, example of a top-down attention process.
The attentional control system for top-down attentional processes is thought to involve which brain areas?
Lateral parietal and frontal lobes.
The attentional control system for bottom-up attentional processes is thought to involve which brain areas?
Amygdala and ventral aspects of frontal lobes.
A stimulus presented on its own activates (greater/lesser) brain activity than when presented with other stimuli.
Greater.