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Neurology Board Review > Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology > Flashcards

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease

A

Female sex, age, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and apolipoprotein e4 status

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2
Q

Routine screening for dementia

A

B12, CBC, electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, LFTs, TFTs and depression screening

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3
Q

Which chromosome is Presenilin-2 located in?

A

Chromosome 1, early onset familial AD

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4
Q

Which chromosome is Presenilin-1 located in?

A

Chromosome 14, aggressive early-onset familial AD

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5
Q

Which chromosome is Apolipoprotein E4 located in?

A

Chromosome 19, triples risk of AD

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6
Q

Which chromosome is Amyloid precursor protein located in?

A

Chromosome 21

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7
Q

Definition of immediate memory

A

amount of information someone can keep in conscious awareness without active memorization
test with forward digit span

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8
Q

Working memory

A

tested by manipulation of information retained in immediate memory

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9
Q

Recent memory

A

requires hippocampus, parahippocampal areas of medial temporal lobe
test with recall

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10
Q

Remote memory

A

historical life events and long-known information

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11
Q

Declarative memory (explicit memory)

A

Divided into episodic or semantic

Pathology caused by lesions to bilateral medial temporal lobes

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12
Q

Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory or procedural)

A

memory of skills and other acquired behaviors

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13
Q

FDG PET in Alzheimer’s disease

A

bilateral parietotemporal hypo metabolism

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14
Q

FDG PET in FTD

A

frontal and anterior temporal hypo metabolism

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15
Q

FDG PET in Huntington’s

A

head of caudate hypo metabolism

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16
Q

FDG PET in LBD

A

occipital region hypo metabolism

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17
Q

FDG PET in PSP

A

shows global metabolic reduction in regions including anterior cingulate, basal ganglia, thalamus and upper brainstem

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18
Q

Alzheimer’s type II astrocytes

A

hepatic encephalopathy

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19
Q

Neurons in locus coeruleus

A

noradrenergic neurons

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20
Q

Neurons in medial and dorsal raphe nuclei

A

serotonergic neurons

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21
Q

Neurons in nucleus accumbent and ventral tegmental area

A

dopaminergic neurons

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22
Q

Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata

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A

GABAnergic neurons

23
Q

Neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta

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A

dopaminergic neurons

24
Q

Lewy body disease

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A

Parkinsonism, fluctuating cognitive impairment, visual hallucinations, dysautonomia, REM sleep behavior and neuroleptic sensitivity

25
chromosome in familial FTD
chromosome 17
26
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
lesions to bilateral anterior temporal lobes/amygdala | hyperorality, hyper metamorphosis, blunted emotional affect, hyper sexuality, visual agnosia
27
Behavioral variant FTD
abulia, apathy, social withdrawal, social disinhibition, impulsivity, lack of insight, poor personal hygiene, sterotyped or ritual behavior, hyperphagia, sudden new artistic abilities, emotional blunting, loss of empathy, mental rigidity, distractibility, impersistence, perseveration behavior, impaired organizational and executive skills
28
Progressive nonfluent aphasia
anomia, word finding difficulty, impaired object naming and effortful speech with preserved cognition
29
Progressive fluent aphasia
progressive speech disturbance with normal fluency impaired comprehension, anomia and semantic paraphasia
30
Damage to bilateral globus pallidus interna
akinetic mutism
31
Psychogenic amnesia
loss of autobiographical memory, sometimes with ability for new learning
32
Wernicke's encephalopathy
B1 deficiency; confusion, ataxia and ophthalmoplegia
33
Korsakoff's disease
chronic phase of B1 deficiency, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation
34
Transient global amnesia
Functional alterations in bilateral medial temporal lobes | impaired recent memory with preserved immediate and remote memory
35
Memantine (Namenda)
low to moderate affinity noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist
36
Donepezil (Aricept)
pure acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
37
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
combined acetylcholinesterase and butylrylcholinesterase antagonist
38
Galantamine (Razadyne)
combined acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric nicotinic modulator
39
Synucleinopathies
Parkinson's MSA DLB Neuro-axonal dystrophies
40
neuropathology of CJD
neuronal loss, glial cell proliferation, absent inflammatory response, and vacuolization of the neuropil
41
Balint's syndrome
optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia and simultagnosia | due to damage to bilateral parieto-occipital regions
42
Anton's syndrome
visual anosagnosia leads to cortical blindness | due to damage to bilateral medial occipital lobes
43
Charles Bonnet syndrome
release hallucination marked by vivid hallucinations that occur in people with severe visual impairment
44
Alexia without agraphia
loss of reading comprehension despite normal visual acuity; can read individual letters, written and language comprehension normal lesions in the dominant PCA territory in the medial and inferior occipitotemporal region and splenium of corpus callosum
45
Verbal auditory agnosia
impaired auditory comprehension of language with intact hearing, normal comprehension of written language due to lesion in middle portion of superior temporal gyri
46
Aphemia
inability to speak fluently, impaired repetition, intact auditory comprehension, retained ability to write and comprehend written language due to lesion in dominant frontal operculum
47
Foix-Chavary-Marie Syndrome
severe dysarthria, bilateral voluntary paralysis of the lower cranial nerves with preserved involuntary and emotional innervation due to lesion in bilateral anterior operculum
48
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia + intact repetition
49
Transcortical motor aphasia
Brock's aphasia + intact repetition
50
Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex lesion
changes in personality, social disinhibition, facetiousness, inappropriate jocularity, echopraxia and utilization behavior
51
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex lesion
apathy, indifference, loss of initiative, motivation, abulia, and reduction in movement
52
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesion
loss of executive function, judgement and problem solving, disorganization
53
Gertsmann's syndrome
finger agnosia + left-right confusion + dyscalculia + dysgraphia lesion to dominant inferior parietal lobule

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