Cognitive Approach

Question 1

What is ‘The Computer Analogy’?

Answer 1

The idea of comparing the human mind to a computer

Question 2

How do we take information in?

Answer 2

Through input that is our senses and process it by storing it and outputting by recall when needed

Question 3

What are ‘Inputs’?

Answer 3

Senses

Question 4

What are ‘storage’?

Answer 4

Memory

Question 5

What are ‘outputs’?

Answer 5

Behavior

Question 6

What is ‘hardware’?

Answer 6

Brain

Question 7

What is ‘software’?

Answer 7

Cognitive Processes

Question 8

Why are computers not 100% human like?

Answer 8

Computers have vast memories meaning that they know everything and they are always the same
Unlike, computers humans can comprehend emotions

Question 9

What did Atkinson and Shifferin (1968) do?

Answer 9

Created the multistore memory model
The information enters the brain through senses then is moved to short term memory storage. Then retrieved again and becomes output. Just like computers processing information

Question 10

What are ‘Internal Mental Processes’?

Answer 10

Humans are information processors. The idea how information received from our senses is processed by the brain and how processing directs behavior. Looks at how cognitive functions work together to help make sense of world

Question 11

What are the ‘PAMLT’?

Answer 11

Different cognitive functions to make sense of the world
P=Perception
A=Attention
M=Memory
L=Language
T=Thinking

Question 12

What did Wundt (1879) do?

Answer 12

Used introspection to investigate thoughts. Tried investigating cognition in a scientific way. Highly trained assistants would be given a stimulus and then be asked what the stimulus mad them think and feel

Question 13

How is modern cognitive psychology scientific?

Answer 13

By being concerned with inner working of the mind. Controlled and scientific experiments allow for understanding of what is happening.
They use lab experiments to test human behavior by getting participants to learn and recall series of numbers. What people say can be taken as valid. Allowing for replicablity and is objective therefore its seen as scientific

Question 14

What are ‘Schematas’?

Answer 14

They are mental structures that represent an aspect of the world and they help to make snese of the world by providing short cuts to identifying things. Cooker example!

Question 15

What happens when there is ‘no schemata’?

Answer 15

The mind/brain would struggle to navigate

Question 16

How are Schematas created?

Answer 16

From both past experiences and interactions. They are biased for stereotypes and can be cause of racism

Question 17

How can schemata alter our memory?

Answer 17

By misunderstanding events that don’t fit into our existing schema

Question 18

What did Allport and Postman (1947) do?

Answer 18

Investigated effect of stereotypes on recall. Showing white participants a black person being held at knife point by a white man. When asked to recall they said the white person was the victim

Question 19

How can behavior be explained by internal mental processes?

Answer 19

Best way to understand behavior is to investigate how an individual thinks.

Question 20

What causes mental illness?

Answer 20

Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs cause depression
Think Negative= Depression

Question 21

What did Beck do?

Answer 21

Created the negative cognitive triad
negative view of self=negative view of world=negative view of future

Question 22

What can be a reason people are unhappy?

Answer 22

Happiness can be influenced by the way one sees themselves and the world

Question 23

What is rational and irrational thinking?

Answer 23

rational- Friends are talking about something they will tell me later
irrational- they are talking about me, they don’t like me

Question 24

What are automatic negative thoughts?

Answer 24

Depressed person will have many automatic negative thoughts that seem reasonable to the individual but don’t reflect reality. They are bias to our interpretation of the world, being examples of cognitive errors

Question 25

What are 3 types of cognitive errors?

Answer 25

Catastrophising-predicting the worst at all times Mind reading- guessing what others think Labeling- attaching negative emotional labels on themselves

Question 26

What is the aim of CBT?

Answer 26

To challenges negative thoughts and replace them with constructive thinking. Therapists try making maladaptive thoughts conscious, allowing for client to challenge them showing that there is no basis for these thoughts.

Question 27

What are the main components of CBT?

Answer 27

-Dysfunctional Thought Diary -Cognitive Restructuring -Pleasnt Activity Scheduling

Question 28

What is a dysfunctional thought diary?

Answer 28

Clients are asked to keep diary of their thoughts and feelings associated with negative events. Pay attention for any automatic negative thoughts. For each negative thought ask how much they believe in this and give rational response and rate their belief in that and finally re rate their belief in automatic thought

Question 29

What is cognitive restructuring?

Answer 29

The client is taught how to challenge automatic negative thoughts outside the therapy by asking themselves two questioner. 'Where is the evidence for X?' and 'What is the worst thing that can happen if X is true?' By answering the negative thoughts can be replaced with more constructive positive ones

Question 30

What is pleasant activity scheduling?

Answer 30

Scheduling activities that you enjoy around your day

Question 31

What did David (2003) find?

Answer 31

That CBT has highest success out of all therapies

Question 32

What did Kyken (2009) find?

Answer 32

That as much as 15% of the effectiveness of CBT might be due to the role of the therapist and not therapy itself

Question 33

What did Jarret (1999) find?

Answer 33

That CBT is as effective as antidepressants with 108 patients over 10 weeks. However, not superior to all antidepressants

Question 34

When is CBT not appropriarte?

Answer 34

When a patients negative thoughts are caused by very real life stressors

Question 35

What did Simons(1995) find?

Answer 35

If a person with stress seeks CBT and changes the way person thinks and if stress was caused by a reasonable response then it could cause psychological harm to the patient

Question 36

Why are patients allowed to have 'free will'?

Answer 36

They are the only ones that can change the way they are thinking. Your wellness is in your own hands

Question 37

The cause and effect can't be identified?

Answer 37

Does depression cause negative thoughts or do negative thoughts cause depression

Question 38

What did LewisJohn (1981) say about cause and effect?

Answer 38

That negative thoughts are caused by depression. Undermining CBT as root cause is not treated but symptoms are

Question 39

What are ethical issues with CBT?

Answer 39

-Patients might blame themselves that they cant change their way of thinking and cause psychological harm as they re in control of their recovery -Power put into patients hands, puts blame for mental illness of patient, making them feel worse than they already do, lowering self esteem when depressed patients already have low self esteem. In this case CBT might cause patients feel worse than better -Patients might look for judgement of the therapist for what is a rational or irrational thought, and therapist might say a irrational thought when it was rational

Question 40

What did Abrahamson (1979) find ?

Answer 40

People with depression might be more wise as they see things as they are but are sad and more realistic unlike normal people who might believe in fantasies as real