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psychology > Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

Cognitive Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ‘The Computer Analogy’?

A

The idea of comparing the human mind to a computer

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2
Q

How do we take information in?

A

Through input that is our senses and process it by storing it and outputting by recall when needed

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3
Q

What are ‘Inputs’?

A

Senses

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4
Q

What are ‘storage’?

A

Memory

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5
Q

What are ‘outputs’?

A

Behavior

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6
Q

What is ‘hardware’?

A

Brain

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7
Q

What is ‘software’?

A

Cognitive Processes

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8
Q

Why are computers not 100% human like?

A

Computers have vast memories meaning that they know everything and they are always the same
Unlike, computers humans can comprehend emotions

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9
Q

What did Atkinson and Shifferin (1968) do?

A

Created the multistore memory model
The information enters the brain through senses then is moved to short term memory storage. Then retrieved again and becomes output. Just like computers processing information

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10
Q

What are ‘Internal Mental Processes’?

A

Humans are information processors. The idea how information received from our senses is processed by the brain and how processing directs behavior. Looks at how cognitive functions work together to help make sense of world

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11
Q

What are the ‘PAMLT’?

A

Different cognitive functions to make sense of the world
P=Perception
A=Attention
M=Memory
L=Language
T=Thinking

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12
Q

What did Wundt (1879) do?

A

Used introspection to investigate thoughts. Tried investigating cognition in a scientific way. Highly trained assistants would be given a stimulus and then be asked what the stimulus mad them think and feel

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13
Q

How is modern cognitive psychology scientific?

A

By being concerned with inner working of the mind. Controlled and scientific experiments allow for understanding of what is happening.
They use lab experiments to test human behavior by getting participants to learn and recall series of numbers. What people say can be taken as valid. Allowing for replicablity and is objective therefore its seen as scientific

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14
Q

What are ‘Schematas’?

A

They are mental structures that represent an aspect of the world and they help to make snese of the world by providing short cuts to identifying things. Cooker example!

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15
Q

What happens when there is ‘no schemata’?

A

The mind/brain would struggle to navigate

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16
Q

How are Schematas created?

A

From both past experiences and interactions. They are biased for stereotypes and can be cause of racism

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17
Q

How can schemata alter our memory?

A

By misunderstanding events that don’t fit into our existing schema

18
Q

What did Allport and Postman (1947) do?

A

Investigated effect of stereotypes on recall. Showing white participants a black person being held at knife point by a white man. When asked to recall they said the white person was the victim

19
Q

How can behavior be explained by internal mental processes?

A

Best way to understand behavior is to investigate how an individual thinks.

20
Q

What causes mental illness?

A

Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs cause depression
Think Negative= Depression

21
Q

What did Beck do?

A

Created the negative cognitive triad
negative view of self=negative view of world=negative view of future

22
Q

What can be a reason people are unhappy?

A

Happiness can be influenced by the way one sees themselves and the world

23
Q

What is rational and irrational thinking?

A

rational- Friends are talking about something they will tell me later
irrational- they are talking about me, they don’t like me

24
Q

What are automatic negative thoughts?

A

Depressed person will have many automatic negative thoughts that seem reasonable to the individual but don’t reflect reality. They are bias to our interpretation of the world, being examples of cognitive errors

25
Q

What are 3 types of cognitive errors?

A

Catastrophising-predicting the worst at all times
Mind reading- guessing what others think
Labeling- attaching negative emotional labels on themselves

26
Q

What is the aim of CBT?

A

To challenges negative thoughts and replace them with constructive thinking. Therapists try making maladaptive thoughts conscious, allowing for client to challenge them showing that there is no basis for these thoughts.

27
Q

What are the main components of CBT?

A

-Dysfunctional Thought Diary
-Cognitive Restructuring
-Pleasnt Activity Scheduling

28
Q

What is a dysfunctional thought diary?

A

Clients are asked to keep diary of their thoughts and feelings associated with negative events. Pay attention for any automatic negative thoughts. For each negative thought ask how much they believe in this and give rational response and rate their belief in that and finally re rate their belief in automatic thought

29
Q

What is cognitive restructuring?

A

The client is taught how to challenge automatic negative thoughts outside the therapy by asking themselves two questioner.
‘Where is the evidence for X?’ and ‘What is the worst thing that can happen if X is true?’
By answering the negative thoughts can be replaced with more constructive positive ones

30
Q

What is pleasant activity scheduling?

A

Scheduling activities that you enjoy around your day

31
Q

What did David (2003) find?

A

That CBT has highest success out of all therapies

32
Q

What did Kyken (2009) find?

A

That as much as 15% of the effectiveness of CBT might be due to the role of the therapist and not therapy itself

33
Q

What did Jarret (1999) find?

A

That CBT is as effective as antidepressants with 108 patients over 10 weeks. However, not superior to all antidepressants

34
Q

When is CBT not appropriarte?

A

When a patients negative thoughts are caused by very real life stressors

35
Q

What did Simons(1995) find?

A

If a person with stress seeks CBT and changes the way person thinks and if stress was caused by a reasonable response then it could cause psychological harm to the patient

36
Q

Why are patients allowed to have ‘free will’?

A

They are the only ones that can change the way they are thinking. Your wellness is in your own hands

37
Q

The cause and effect can’t be identified?

A

Does depression cause negative thoughts or do negative thoughts cause depression

38
Q

What did LewisJohn (1981) say about cause and effect?

A

That negative thoughts are caused by depression.
Undermining CBT as root cause is not treated but symptoms are

39
Q

What are ethical issues with CBT?

A

-Patients might blame themselves that they cant change their way of thinking and cause psychological harm as they re in control of their recovery

-Power put into patients hands, puts blame for mental illness of patient, making them feel worse than they already do, lowering self esteem when depressed patients already have low self esteem. In this case CBT might cause patients feel worse than better

-Patients might look for judgement of the therapist for what is a rational or irrational thought, and therapist might say a irrational thought when it was rational

40
Q

What did Abrahamson (1979) find ?

A

People with depression might be more wise as they see things as they are but are sad and more realistic unlike normal people who might believe in fantasies as real

psychology (13 decks)

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