Cognitive-Behavioural Paradigms (Week 2)

Question 1

behaviourism

Answer 1

• focuses on study of observable behaviour rather than consciousness
  3 types of learning:
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
  3. Modelling

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

• classical conditioning
  Stimulus that naturally triggers a response (e.g., food)

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 3

• classical conditioning
  Natural, automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation)

Question 4

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

• classical conditioning
  stimulus that doe not elicit the unconditioned response (e.g., bell)

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

• classical conditioning
  Previously neutral stimulus that, after pairing with unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response

Question 6

Conditioned Resposne

Answer 6

• classical conditioning
  learned response to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation to bell)

Question 7

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 7

• operant conditioning
  Adding something pleasant to increase behaviour
  ex. Giving a treat when a dog sits

Question 8

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 8

• operant conditioning
  Removing something unpleasant to increase behaviour
  ex. Stopping loud noise when task is done

Question 9

Positive punishment

Answer 9

• operant conditioning
  Adding something unpleasant to decrease behaviour
  ex. Scolding a child for bad behaviour

Question 10

Negative punishment

Answer 10

• operant conditioning
  Removing something pleasant to decrease behaviour
  ex. Taking away a toy after misbehaviour

Question 11

Law of Effect/Thorndike’s Law

Answer 11

• basis for operant conditioning
• Behaviours followed by satisfying (pleasant) consequences are more likely to be repeated.
• Behaviours followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Question 12

Counterconditioning

Answer 12

• behavioural therapy
• good for anxiety disorders
• Replacing an unwanted conditioned response with a new, more positive response by associating the feared stimulus with a pleasant or relaxing stimulus
  ex. Pairing the sight of a spider with relaxation exercises to reduce spider phobia

Question 13

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 13

• behavioural therapy
• good for anxiety disorders
• type of counterconditioning
• List feared situations from least to most anxiety-provoking
• Slowly expose the client to fear-inducing stimuli (starting from least scary) while maintaining relaxation
• Replace the anxiety response with relaxation to reduce phobic reactions

Question 14

Cognitive paradigm

Answer 14

focuses on how people structure their experiences, how they make sense of them, and how they relate their current experiences to past ones that have been stored in memory

Question 15

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)

Answer 15

• combines cognitive (thought) and behavioural techniques to change dysfunctional thinking and behaviour patterns
• core idea is that Thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are interconnected; changing thoughts or behaviours can improve emotional well-being
  ex. cognitive restructuring

Question 16

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Answer 16

• cognitive therapy for depression based on idea that a depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences
• this therapy provides clients with experiences that will alter their negative schemas and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes