Cognitive Biases Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Hick’s Law
A
More options leads to harder decisions
2
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
People look for evidence that confirms what they think
Category: information
3
Q
Priming
A
Previous stimuli influences users’ decisions
4
Q
Cognitive Load
A
The total amount of mental effort that is required to complete a task
5
Q
Anchoring Bias
A
Users rely heavily on the first piece of information they see
Category: information
6
Q
Nudge
A
Subtle hints can affect users’ decisions
Category: information
7
Q
Progressive Disclosure
A
Users are less overwhelmed if they’re exposed to complex features later
Category: information
8
Q
Fitts’s Law
A
Large and close elements are easier to interact with
Category: information
9
Q
Banner Blindness
A
Users tune out stuff they are repeatedly exposed to
10
Q
Decoy Effect
A
Creating a third option that is completely inferior to the target option but only partially inferior to the competitor
11
Q
Framing
A
The way information is presented affects how users make decisions
Category: information
12
Q
Attentional Bias
A
Users’ thoughts filter what they pay attention to
E.g. a smoker is more attuned to cigarette ads
Category: information
13
Q
Empathy Gap
A
People underestimate how much emotions influence user behaviors
Category: information
14
Q
Visual Anchors
A
Elements that are used to guide users’ eyes
15
Q
Von Restorff Effect
A
People notice items that stand out more
16
Q
Selective Attention
A
People filter out things from their environment when in focus
Category: information
17
Q
Survivorship Bias
A
People neglect things that don’t make it past a selection process
Category: information
18
Q
Juxtaposition
A
Elements that are close and similar are perceived as a single unit
Category: information
19
Q
External Trigger
A
When the information on what to do next is within the prompt itself
20
Q
Centre-Stage Effect
A
People tend to choose the middle option in a set of items
Category: information
21
Q
Law of Proximity
A
Elements close to each other are usually considered related
Category: information
22
Q
Tesler’s Law
A
If you simplify too much, you’ll transfer some complexity to the users
Category: information
23
Q
Spark Effect
A
Users are more likely to take action when the effort is small
24
Q
Feedback Loop
A
When users take action, feedback communicates what happened
Category: information
25
Expectations Bias
People tend to be influenced by their own expectations
## Footnote
Category: information
26
Aesthetic-Usability Effect
People perceive designs with great aesthetics as easier to use
## Footnote
Category: information
27
Social Proof
Users adapt their behavior based on what others do
## Footnote
Category: meaning
28
Scarcity
People value thing smore when they're in limited supply
## Footnote
Category: meaning
29
Curiosity Gap
Users have a desire to seek out missing information
## Footnote
Category: meaning
30
Mental Model
Users have a preconceived opionion of how things work
## Footnote
Category: meaning
31
Familiarity Bias
People prefer familiar experiences
## Footnote
Category: meaning
32
Reciprocity
People feel the need to reciprocate when they receive something
33
Singularity Effect
Users care disproportionately about an individual as compared to a group
34
Variable Reward
People especially enjoy unexpected rewards
## Footnote
Category: meaning
35
Aha! moment
When new users first realize the value of your product
## Footnote
Category: meaning
36
Goal Gradient Effect
Motivation increases as users get closer to their goal
## Footnote
Category: meaning
37
Occam's Razor
Simple solutions are often better than more complex ones
## Footnote
Category: meaning
38
Noble Edge Effect
Users tend to prefer socially responsible companies
## Footnote
Category: meaning
39
Hawthorne Effect
Users change their behavior when they know they are being observed
## Footnote
Category: meaning
40
Halo Effect
People judge things (or people) based on their feelings towards one trait
## Footnote
Category: meaning
41
Miller's Law
Users can only keep 7±2 items in their working memory
## Footnote
Category: meaning
42
Unit Bias
One unit of something feels likethe optimal amount
## Footnote
Category: meaning
43
Flow State
Being fully immersed and focused on a task
## Footnote
Category: meaning
44
Authority Bias
Users attribute more importance to the opinion of any authority figure
## Footnote
Category: meaning
45
Pseudo-Set Framing
Tasks that are part of a group are more tempting to complete
46
Group Attractiveness Effect
Individual items seem more attracive when presented in a group
## Footnote
Category: meaning
47
Curse of Knowledge
Not realizing that people don't have the same level of knowledge
## Footnote
Category: meaning
48
Self-Initiatied Triggers
Users are more likely to interact with prompts they setup for themselves
## Footnote
Category: meaning
49
Survey Bias
Users tend to skew survey answers towards what's socially acceptable
## Footnote
Category: meaning
50
Cognitive Dissonance
It's painful to hold two opposing ideas in our mind
## Footnote
Category: meaning
51
Feedforward
When users know what to expect before they take an action
## Footnote
Category: meaning
52
Hindsight Bias
People overestimate their ability to predict outcomes after the fact
## Footnote
Category: meaning
53
Law of Similarity
Users perceive a relationship between elements that look similar
## Footnote
Category: meaning
54
Law of Prägnanz
Users interpret ambigous images in a simpler and more complete form
## Footnote
Category: meaning
55
Streisand Effect
When trying to censor information ends up increasing awareness of that information
## Footnote
Category: meaning
56
Spotlight Effect
People tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are
## Footnote
Category: meaning
57
Fresh Start Effect
Users are more likely to take action if there's a feeling of new beginnings
## Footnote
Category: meaning
58
Labor Illusion
People value things more when they see the work behind them
## Footnote
Category: time
59
Default Bias
Users tend not to change an established behavior
## Footnote
Category: time
60
Investment Loops
When users invest themselves, they're more likely to come back
## Footnote
Category: time
61
Loss Aversion
People prefer to avoid losses more than earning equivalent gains
## Footnote
Category: time
62
Commitment & Consistency
Users tend to be consitent with their previous actions
## Footnote
Category: time
63
Sunk Cost Effect
Users are reluctant to pull out of something they're invested in
## Footnote
Category: time
64
Reactance
Users are less likely to adop ta behavior when they feel forced
## Footnote
Category: time
65
Law of the Instrument
If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail
## Footnote
Category: time
66
Tempation Bundling
Hard tasks are less scary when coupled with something users desire
## Footnote
Category: time
67
Dunning-Kruger Effect
People tend to overestimate their skills when they don't know much
## Footnote
Category: time
68
Discoverability
The ease with which users can discover your features
## Footnote
Category: time
69
Second-Order Effect
The consequences of the consequences of actions
## Footnote
Category: time
70
Decision Fatigue
Making a lot of decisions lowers users' ability to make rational ones
## Footnote
Category: time
71
Observer-Expectancy Effect
When researchers' biases influence the participants of an experiment
## Footnote
Category: time
72
Weber's Law
Users adapt better to small incremental changes
## Footnote
Category: time
73
Parkinson's Law
The time required to complete a task will take as much time as allowd
## Footnote
Category: time
74
Affect Heuristic
People's current emotions cloud and influence their judgment
## Footnote
Category: time
75
Hyperbolic Discounting
People tend to prioritize immediate benefits over bigger future gains
## Footnote
Category: time
76
Chronoception
People's perception of time is subjective
## Footnote
Category: time
77
Cashless Effect
People spend more when they can't actually see the money/prices
## Footnote
Category: time
78
Self-serving Bias
People take credits for positive events and blame others if negative
## Footnote
Category: time
79
Pareto Principle
Roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes
## Footnote
Category: time
80
Backfire Effect
When people's convictions are challenged, their beliefs get stronger
## Footnote
Category: time
81
False Consensus Effect
People overstimate how much other people agree with them
## Footnote
Category: time
82
Bandwagon Effect
Users tend to adopt beliefs in proportion of others who have already done so
## Footnote
Category: time
83
Barnum-Forer Effect
When you believe generic personality descriptions apply specifically to you
## Footnote
Category: time
84
IKEA Effect
When users partially create something, they value it way more
## Footnote
Category: time
85
Planning Fallacy
People tend to understimate how much time a task will take
## Footnote
Category: time
86
Provide Exit Points
Invite users to leave your app at the right moment
## Footnote
Category: memory
87
Peak-End Rule
People judge an experience by its peak and how it ends
## Footnote
Category: memory
88
Sensory Appeal
Users engage more with things appealing to multiple sense
## Footnote
Category: memory
89
Zeigarnik Effect
People remember incomplete tasks better than completed ones
## Footnote
Category: memory
90
Endowment Effect
Users value something more if they feel it's theirs
## Footnote
Category: memory
91
Chunking
People remember grouped information better
## Footnote
Category: memory
92
Delighters
People remember more unexpected and playful pleasures
## Footnote
Category: memory
93
Internal Trigger
When users are prompted to take action based on memory
## Footnote
Category: memory
94
Picture Superiority Effect
People remember pictures better than words
## Footnote
Category: memory
95
Method of Loci
People remember things more when they're associated with a location
## Footnote
Category: memory
96
Shaping
Incrementally reinforcing actions to get closer to a target behavior
## Footnote
Category: memory
97
Recognition Over Recall
It's easier to recognize things than recall them from memory
## Footnote
Category: memory
98
Storytelling Effect
People remember stories better than facts alone
## Footnote
Category: memory
99
Negativity Bias
Users recall negative events more than positive ones
## Footnote
Category: memory
100
Availability Heuristic
Users favor recent and available information over past information
## Footnote
Category: memory
101
Spacing Effect
People learn more effectively when study sessions are spaced ou
## Footnote
Category: memory
102
Serial Position Effect
It's easier for users to recall the first and last items of a list
## Footnote
Category: memory
103
Haptic Imagery
Imagining how something feels when you touch it
104
Fogg Behavioral Model (FBM)
Behavior change occurs when three elements align: motivation, ability, and a prompt
105
ABC Model
A model to explain how behaviors are initiated, maintained, and strengthened/weakened
Stands for: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
106
