Cognitive Biases Flashcards
(20 cards)
Ingroup Bias
The tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own group
Outgroup homogeneity bias
Individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups
Herd Instinct
Common tendency to adopt the opinions and follow the behaviors of the majority to feel safer and to avoid conflict.
Projection Bias
The tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, or positions
Fundamental Attribution error
The tendency for people to over emphasize personality based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behaviors.
Hindsight Bias
Filtering memory of past events through present knowledge, so that those events look more predictable than they actually were; also knowns as the “I knew it all along” effect.
Self-Serving Bias
Perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones.
Negativity Bias
phenomenon by which humans pay more attention to and give more weight to negative than positive experiences or other kinds of information.
Post-Purchase rationalization
the tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value.
Framing
using an approach or description of the situation or issue that is too narrow. Also framing effect- drawing different conclusions based on how data is presented.
Bandwagon Effect
The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior
Selective Perception
The tendency for expectations to affect perception
Stats Quo Bias
the tendency for people to like things to stay relatively the same.
Gambler’s Fallacy
The tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged.
Availability Heuristic
Estimating what is more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or emotionally charged examples.
Availability Cascade
A self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (“repeat something long enough and it will become true”)
Anchoring Effect
the tendency to rely too heavily or “anchor” on a past reference or on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s perceptions.
Expectation Bias
The tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations
Consistency Bias
Incorrectly remembering one’s past attitudes and behavior as resembling present attitudes and behavior.
