Cognitive Biases Flashcards Preview

Logical Fallacies and Cognitive Biases > Cognitive Biases > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cognitive Biases Deck (24)
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1
Q

Anchoring

A

The first thing you judge influences your judgement of all that follows.

2
Q

The Sunk Cost Fallacy

A

You irrationally cling to things that have already cost you something.

3
Q

The Availability heuristic

A

Your judgements are influenced by what springs most easily to mind.

4
Q

The Curse of Knowledge

A

Once you understand something you presume it to be obvious to everyone.

5
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

You favour things that confirm your existing beliefs.

6
Q

The Dunning-Kreuger Effect

A

The more you know, the less confident you’re likely to be.

and

People of low ability have illusory superiority and mistakenly assess their cognitive ability as greater than it is.

  • The cognitive bias of illusory superiority comes from the inability of low-ability people to recognize their lack of ability. Without the self-awareness of metacognition, low-ability people cannot objectively evaluate their competence or incompetence​*
  • the cognitive bias of illusory superiority results from an internal illusion in people of low ability and from an external misperception in people of high ability; that is, “the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others.”*
7
Q

Belief Bias

A

If a conclusion supports your existing beliefs, you’ll rationalize anything that supports it.

8
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

You believe your failures are due to external factors, yet you’re responsible for your success.

9
Q

The Backfire Effect

A

When some aspect of your core beliefs is challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly.

10
Q

Declinism

A

You remember the past as better than it was, and expect the future to be worse than it will be.

11
Q

The Framing Effect

A

You allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context and delivery.

12
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

You judge others on their character, but yourself on the situation.

13
Q

The Halo Effect

A

How much you like someone, or how attractive they are, influences your other judgements of them.

14
Q

Optimism Bias

A

You overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes.

15
Q

Pessimism Bias

A

You overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.

16
Q

Just-World Hypothesis.

A

Your preference for justice makes you presume it exists.

17
Q

In-Group Bias

A

You unfairly favor those who belong to your group.

18
Q

The Placebo Effect

A

If you believe you’re taking medicine it can sometimes ‘work’ even if its fake.

19
Q

The Bystander Effect

A

You presume someone else is going to do something in an emergency situation.

20
Q

Reactance

A

You’d rather do the opposite of what someone is trying to make you do.

21
Q

The Spotlight Effect

A

You overestimate how much people notice how you look and act.

22
Q

The Barnum Effect

A

You see personal specifics in vague statements by filling the gaps.

23
Q

Groupthink

A

You let the social dynamics of a group situation override the best outcomes.

24
Q

Negativity Bias

A

You allow negtative things to disproportionately influence your thinking.