Cognitive-Chapter 3-Perception

Question 1

Give an example that illustrates the need to go beyond pattern of light and dark in a scene to describe the process of perception

Answer 1

We can easily describe the relation between parts of a city scene, but it is often challenging to indicate the reasoning that led to the description.

Question 2

Attempts to program computers to recognize objects have shown…

Answer 2

How difficult it is top gram computers to perceive at a level comparable to humans

Question 3

What are the difficulties facing computers when trying to perceive at a level comparable to humans?

Answer 3

1. The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous, as demonstrated by inverse projection problem
2. Objects in a scene can be hidden or blurred
3. Objects look different from different viewpoints

Question 4

Perceptions starts with…

Answer 4

Bottom up processing, which involves stimulation of the receptors, creating electrical signals that reach the visual receiving area of the brain

Question 5

Perception also involves…

Answer 5

Top down processing which originates in the brain

Question 6

Examples of top down processing:

Answer 6

The multiple personalities of a blob and finding faces in a landscape
How knowledge of a language makes it possible to perceive individual words
How the perception of pain is influenced by things other than the pain stimulus

Question 7

The idea that perception depends on knowledge was proposed by…

Answer 7

Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference

Question 8

The Gestalt approach to perception proposed…

Answer 8

A number of laws of perceptual organization, which were based on how stimuli usually occur in the environment

Question 9

Regularities in the environment are…

Answer 9

Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. We take both physical and semantic regularities into account when perceiving.

Question 10

Bayesian inference is

Answer 10

A mathematical procedure for determine what is likely to be “out there”; it takes into account a person’s prior beleifs about a perceptual outcome and the likelihood of that outcome based on additional evidence.

Question 11

the four approaches to object perception

Answer 11

1. unconscious inference
2. Gestalt
3. Regularities
4. Bayesian

Question 12

Of the 4 approaches to perception this approach relies more on bottom up processing than others

Answer 12

Gestalt

Question 13

Modern psychologists have suggested. Connection between past experience and…

Answer 13

The Gestalt principles

Question 14

One of the basic operating principles of the brain is…

Answer 14

That is contains some neurons that respond best to things that occur regularly in the environment

Question 15

Experience-dependent plasticity is

Answer 15

One of the mechanisms responsible for creating neurons that are tuned to respond to specific things in the environment

Question 16

The experiment in which kittens reared in vertical or horizontal environments and Greeble experiment support

Answer 16

Experience-dependent plasticity

Question 17

What are linked?

Answer 17

Perceiving and taking action

Question 18

Example supporting perception and taking action being linked

Answer 18

Movement of an observer relative to an object provides information about the object

Question 19

There is a constant coordination between perceiving an object and

Answer 19

Taking action

Ex: seeing a cup and picking it up

Question 20

Research involving brain ablation in monkeys and neuropsychological studies of the behavior of people with brain damage have revealed…

Answer 20

Two processing pathways in the cortex that work together to coordinate perception and action

1. A pathway from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is responsible for perceiving objects
2. A pathways from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe is responsible for controlling actions toward objects

Question 21

Recordings from single neurons in the hippocampus of epilepsy patients have discovered…

Answer 21

Neurons that respond both when a visual stimulus is being perceived and when it is being remembered later.

Question 22

Action pathway

Answer 22

Neural pathway extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people take action. Corresponds to the Where pathway.

Question 23

Apparent movement

Answer 23

An illusion of movement perception that occurs when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with the proper timing.

Question 24

Bayesian inference

Answer 24

The idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability (our initial belief) and the likelihood (the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome)

Question 25

Bottom-up processing

Answer 25

Processing that starts with information received by the receptors. Aka data-processing.

Question 26

Brain-ablation

Answer 26

A procedure in which a specific area is removed from an animal's brain. It is usually done to determine the function of this area by assessing the effect on the animal's behavior.

Question 27

Direct-pathway model

Answer 27

Model of pain perception that proposes that pain signals are sent directly from receptors to the brain

Question 28

Experience-dependent plasticity

Answer 28

A mechanism that causes and organism's neuron's to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed

Question 29

Gestalt psychologists

Answer 29

A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of organization, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring.

Question 30

Inverse projection problem

Answer 30

Task of determining the object that cause a particular image on the retina

Question 31

Law of pragnanz

Answer 31

Law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Aka the law of good figure or law of simplicity

Question 32

Landmark of discrimination problem

Answer 32

Problem in which the task to remember an object's location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on the Where processing stream.

Question 33

Light from above assumption

Answer 33

The assumption that light is coming from above. This is a heuristic that can influence how we perceive three-dimensional objects that are illuminated.

Question 34

Likelihood

Answer 34

In Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

Question 35

Likelihood principle

Answer 35

Part of the helmholtz theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Question 36

Object discrimination problem

Answer 36

A problem in which the task is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. Associated with research on the What processing stream

Question 37

Oblique effect

Answer 37

The finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations.

Question 38

Perception

Answer 38

Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses

Question 39

Perception pathway

Answer 39

Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the What pathway

Question 40

Physical regularities

Answer 40

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example: there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique/angled orientations.

Question 41

Placebo

Answer 41

A pill or procedure that patients believe delivers active ingredients but which contains no active ingredients

Question 42

Placebo effect

Answer 42

Decrease in pain from a procedure or substance that delivers no active ingredients

Question 43

Principle of good continuation, good figure, principle of similarity, of simplicity

Answer 43

Law of perceptual organization stating that when connects result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together. In addition, lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path.

Question 44

Prior

Answer 44

A person's initial belief about the probability of an outcome

Question 45

Prior probability

Answer 45

Same as prior

Question 46

Regularities in the environment

Answer 46

Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. For example, blue is associated with open sky, landscapes are often green and smooth, and verticals and horizontals are often associated with buildings

Question 47

Scene schema

Answer 47

A person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. For example, knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk to see the computer

Question 48

Semantic regularities

Answer 48

Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes. For example, food preparation, cooking and perhaps eating occur in the kitchen

Question 49

Speech segmentation

Answer 49

The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.

Question 50

Theory of natural selection

Answer 50

Darwin's theory that characteristics that enhance an animals ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on to future generations

Question 51

Top down processing

Answer 51

Processing that involves a person's knowledge or expectations. This type of processing has also been called knowledge-based processing.

Question 52

Unconscious inference

Answer 52

Helmholtz' sides that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment.

Question 53

Viewpoint invariance

Answer 53

The ability to recognize an object seen from a different viewpoint

Question 54

The What pathway

Answer 54

The neural pathway extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the perception pathway

Question 55

the Where pathway

Answer 55

neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space. Roughly corresponds to the action pathway.

Question 56

The example of a person running on the beach and having coffee later illustrates...

Answer 56

How perception can change based on new information, how perception can be based on principles that a re related to past experiences, how perception is a process, and how perception and action are connected.