Cognitive Development

Question 1

Erikson’s stages

Answer 1

• not necessary for each stage to be resolved before progression
• based on crises and have ‘vs’ in them
• go from birth into lade adulthood

Question 2

Basic trust vs basic mistrust

Answer 2

• birth-12-18 months

- Erikson’s stages

Question 3

Autonomy vs shame

Answer 3

-18 months to 3 years
-autonomy refers to children gaining more control over activities and acquiring new skills
Erikson’s stages

Question 4

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 4

• Erikson’s stages

- 3- 6 years

Question 5

Industry vs inferiority

Answer 5

-6-12 years
Erikson’s stages
-we are capable of learning, creating etc and develop a sense of industry
-this is a very social stage of development and can lead to unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among peers

Question 6

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 6

• adolescence
• Erikson’s stages
• occurs between ages of 12-18
• development is now dependent on what we do, not what is done to us
• teens have develop a sense of identity and independence but this can be confusing

Question 7

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 7

• young adulthood
• Erikson’s stages
• major task is to find a future partner

Question 8

Generativity vs stagnation

Answer 8

• middle adulthood
• Erikson’s stages
• seeking satisfaction through productivity and family- generativity

Question 9

Ego integrity vs despair

Answer 9

• late adulthood
• Erikson’s stages
• cherishes life’s accomplishments and pursues life long interests

Question 10

Piaget’s model of cognitive development

Answer 10

• sensorimotor
• pre-operational
• concrete operational
• formal operational

Question 11

Schema

Answer 11

• Piaget
• basic building block or unit of intelligent behaviour
• consist of past experiences to understand future experiences

Question 12

Adaption

Answer 12

Piaget

• process of fitting schemas to environmental information
• adaption can occur as either assimilation or accomodation

Question 13

Assimilation

Answer 13

Piaget

-new information is incorporated into existing schemas without restructuring the schemas

Question 14

Accomodation

Answer 14

Piaget

-the schemas are restructures to accommodate the newly learnt information

Question 15

Equilibration

Answer 15

Piaget
-achieved when all information properly fits into schemas via either processes of adaption (assimilation or accommodation)

Question 16

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 16

Piaget

• 0-2 years
• SPIRO
• Symbolic thought: language starts developing and thought starts to dominate actions
• Play is representational: mimics one object for another
• Imitation: remembers an act and replays it later
• Recognition of self: primitive recognition begins
• Object permanence: understands that if something disappears from vision then it has not ceased to exist- completed at 18 months

Question 17

Preoperational stage

Answer 17

Piaget

• 2-7 years
• FAT PILES
• Functional attribution
• Artificialism
• Transductive reasoning
• Phenomalistic causality
• Imminent justice
• Lack of seriation, conservation and reversibility
• Egocentrism
• Semiotic function
• Syncretic thought

Question 18

Concrete operational

Answer 18

Piaget
7-11 years
-conservation of liquid starts at 6 and is followed by conservation or length, count, weight and volume
-perspective taking starts to develop

Question 19

Symbolic thought

Answer 19

Language starts developing and thought starts to dominate actions
Piaget
-Sensorimotor stage

Question 20

Representational Play

Answer 20

Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
-mimics one object for another
e.g cup for a hat

Question 21

Deferred Imitation

Answer 21

Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
remembers an act and replays it later

Question 22

Recognition of self

Answer 22

Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
Primitive self recognition begins
Complete by the age of 2

Question 23

Object permanence

Answer 23

Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
-understanding that an object that disappears from field of perception has not ceased to exist
-limited at 9-12 months- objects are searched for where they were last seen, not where they are hidden
-complete by 18 months

Question 24

Functional attribution

Answer 24

Piaget
Preoperational stage
Objects are referred to by their function not their appearance

Question 25

Artificialism

Answer 25

Piaget Pre-operational stage 'The sky is blue because someone painted it' Inanimate objects are treated as living objects

Question 26

Transductive reasoning

Answer 26

Piaget Pre-operational stage Cats have 4 legs and Dogs have 4 legs so they are the same ( Von Domarus law)

Question 27

Telegraphic speech

Answer 27

Piaget Pre-operational stage no functional propositions noted but verbs and nouns are used

Question 28

Phenomenalistic causality

Answer 28

Piaget Pre-operational stage causality is inferred if two events occur with some temporal association e.g lightening comes with rain so lightening brings rain

Question 29

Imminent justice

Answer 29

Piaget Pre-operational stage Moral development

Question 30

Lack of seriation

Answer 30

Piaget Pre-operational stage -ability to sort or categorise based on dimensional variation of items

Question 31

Centration

Answer 31

Piaget Pre-operational stage -only a single dimension can be focussed on one time

Question 32

Conservation

Answer 32

Piaget Pre-operational stage -ability to perceive that the quantity of something is unchanged if the material is put into a different shape or structure

Question 33

Compensation

Answer 33

Piaget Pre-operational stage -refers to the fact that magnification in one dimension and reduction in another can nullify each others effect

Question 34

Reversibility

Answer 34

Piaget Pre-operational stage -refers to ability of mentally calculating and understanding that what is done can be undone without loss of material

Question 35

Egocentrism

Answer 35

Piaget Pre-operational stage -restricted ability of viewing the world from a single point of view at this stage -NOT SELF CENTERED!

Question 36

Semiotic function

Answer 36

Piaget Pre-operational stage -uses 'signifers' which are symbols and signs that represent on stand in for something else and so have another meaning -e.g in play

Question 37

Syncretic thought

Answer 37

Piaget Pre-operational stage Links neighbouring objects and events on the basis of common instances e.g like with like

Question 38

Formal operational stage

Answer 38

Piaget 11 years+ -1st order operations: manipulation of ideas and propositions -2nd order operations: reasoning based on verbal argument construction Hypothetical deductive reasoning develops in a proportion of children after the age of 12