cognitive development in preschool kids

Question 1

what are the 3 phases of theory of mind?

Answer 1

awareness of desires &links to behaviour, mental vs physical world, own and others behaviours are based on beliefs about events and situations

Question 2

what age do kids become aware of desires and links to behaviour?

Answer 2

common in 2 year olds

Question 3

when is awareness of mental vs physical world present?

Answer 3

3 years old

Question 4

when is awareness that own and others behaviours are based on beliefs about events and situations

Answer 4

4 years old

Question 5

what did Pellicano 2007 propose that theory of mind deficits may be due to?

Answer 5

he said they may be due to difficulties in executive functioning present in early life

Question 6

what is executive functioning?

Answer 6

refers to a child’s ability to engage in intentional, self regulating bheaviour

Question 7

what does the info processing approach suggest?

Answer 7

suggests that preshool years are not defined by a seperate stage of cognitive development

Question 8

what is the goal of child focused ECE?

Answer 8

educate the whole child including physical, cogniitve, social, and emotional aspects

Question 9

what is the goal of acadmeically oriented ECE?

Answer 9

prepare children for school by helping them achieve specific linguistic, cognitive, social and emotional goals

Question 10

what age do children have a stable gender identity?

Answer 10

4-5 years

Question 11

what is social learning theory? who is the creator?

Answer 11

kids learn about gender roles through reinforcement and observational learning. albert bandura

Question 12

what is cognitive development theory? who is the creator?

Answer 12

full understanding of gender develops gradually. lawrence kohlberg

Question 13

what does Lawrence Kholberg say about gender? 3 steps

Answer 13

1. gender labelling
2. gender stability
3. gender consistency

Question 14

when does gender labelling start? what is it?

Answer 14

starts at 2-3. understand they are a boy or girl and label themselves

Question 15

what is gender stability? when does it start?

Answer 15

during preschool Years, develop understanding that genderally boys become men and girls become women

Question 16

what is gender consistency? when does it occur?

Answer 16

understand that gender doesnt change across situation, 4-7

Question 17

what 3 things do children have to master to achieve gender constancy?

Answer 17

gender labelling, gender stability, gender consistency

Question 18

when do self conscious emotions become more common?

Answer 18

preschool years

Question 19

in terms of emotions what is fundamental to the development of social competence?

Answer 19

regulating emotions

Question 20

outline the emotion coaching approach

Answer 20

monitor emotions, neg emotions = opporunity for teaching, assist in labelling, more nurturing and less rejecting, more scaffolding and praise

Question 21

outline the emotion dismissing approach

Answer 21

parents believe thier role is to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

Question 22

name characteristics of kids with emotion coaching parents

Answer 22

better at soothing themselves, more effective at regulating neg emotions, focus attention better, have fewer behavioural problems

Question 23

name the parenting styles

Answer 23

authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent permissive, indifferent uninvolved

Question 24

describe the authoritarian parent

Answer 24

high control and low involvement/warmth

Question 25

describe the authoritative parent

Answer 25

high control and high involvement

Question 26

describe the indulgent permissive parent

Answer 26

low control and high involvement

Question 27

describe the indifferent uninvolved parent

Answer 27

low control and low involvement

Question 28

describe the child of an authoritarian parent

Answer 28

lower self esteem, less social skills

Question 29

describe the child of an authoritative parent

Answer 29

responsible, self reliant, friendly

Question 30

describe the child of an indulgent permissive parent

Answer 30

impulsive, easily frusterated

Question 31

indifferent uninvolved child

Answer 31

low self esteem, impulsive, aggressive, moody

Question 32

what are the scores on IQ tests for older child compared to other children?

Answer 32

higher

Question 33

is the first or second born child more likley to go to university?

Answer 33

first

Question 34

what is true about later born children?

Answer 34

tend to be more popular, more innovative

Question 35

why do preschool aged children use aggression to solve conflicts?

Answer 35

because they are still learning socially appropriate ways to navigate conflict

Question 36

what play is the norm by 4 years old?

Answer 36

cooperative play

Question 37

what is make believe play associated with?

Answer 37

associated with cognitive and social/emotional development

Question 38

what roles can parents play in play

Answer 38

join as playmate, mediator, coach, through attachment

Question 39

when is the foundation of moral thinking set?

Answer 39

preschool years

Question 40

what is the first step toward moral behaviour in the preschool years?

Answer 40

self control

Question 41

what is self control?

Answer 41

the ability to rise above immediate pressure/temptation and not given into impulse

Question 42

when does the first phase of self control begin? what does it entail?

Answer 42

around 1, start to learn about rules/demands people place on them

Question 43

when does the 2nd phase of self control begin? what does it entail?

Answer 43

around 2, internalizing rules and are capable of some self control even when parents not around

Question 44

when does the 3rd phase of self control begin? what does it entail?

Answer 44

around 3, get better at self regulation and develop strategies to resist urgest

Question 45

what strategies do preschoolers use to delay gratification?

Answer 45

avoid looking at tempting objects, reminder of rules, use distracting activities

Question 46

what influences a childs self control? (2 things)

Answer 46

parental influence, childs temperament

Question 47

where does the increase in height come from in middle childhood?

Answer 47

from the legs

Question 48

are female vs males different in size in middle childhood?

Answer 48

no, growth is relatively the same in these years

Question 49

what rate do kids lose teeth in middle childhood?

Answer 49

4 teeth per year

Question 50

by 12 how many teeth do children have?

Answer 50

24 teeth

Question 51

what age do 2nd set of molars come in?

Answer 51

11-13 years

Question 52

what age do 3rd sets of molars come In?

Answer 52

early adult period

Question 53

what is malocclusion?

Answer 53

dental condition when the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly

Question 54

what is myopia?

Answer 54

nearsightedness, fuzzy distant vision

Question 55

what is the eustachian tube?

Answer 55

links inner ear to upper part of throat

Question 56

what perceptage of daily calories should breakfast be in middle childhood?

Answer 56

25-33%

Question 57

what are contirbutors to obesity in middle childhood?

Answer 57

genetics and biology, environment, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, others

Question 58

for treating obesity, what is the family centred approach?

Answer 58

parents play a fundamental role, not just directed to the child

Question 59

for treating obesity, what is the multidisciplinary approach?

Answer 59

multiple health care providers participate in the therapy

Question 60

11 year old can throw 3x further and jump 2x further than they could at age 6

Question 61

what skills do children tend to do better at?

Answer 61

fine motor skills and gross requiring flexibility and balance

Question 62

what skills are male children at?

Answer 62

gross motor skills requiring strength

Question 63

who made up the idea of schemas?

Answer 63

piaget's theory

Question 64

what stage of thinking are middle childhood children in?

Answer 64

concrete operational

Question 65

why is the concrete operational stage called that?

Answer 65

its called the concrete because they still can't understand abstract concepts

Question 66

what are some limitations of the concrete operational stage?

Answer 66

not able to think abstractly or hypothetically, cant understand or think ab broad concepts, cant do abstract and complex mental tasks

Question 67

when do memory skills improve rapidly?

Answer 67

during middle childhood

Question 68

what skills do kids 7-11 begin using to remember things?

Answer 68

rehearsal and summarising and organizing information

Question 69

who coined the term general intelligence

Answer 69

charles spearman

Question 70

what is another term for general intelligence?

Answer 70

g

Question 71

who came up with the theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 71

gardner

Question 72

what is the idea behind the theory of multiple intellifences?

Answer 72

everyone has different kinds of minds

Question 73

name gardners thoerys of multiple intelligence

Answer 73

spatial, naturalist, musical, logical mathemaftical, existenal, interpersonal, bodily kinesthetic, linguistic, intrapersonal

Question 74

what intelligence develops before the others (Gardners)

Answer 74

linguistic

Question 75

what did gardner say each type of intelligence is regulated by?

Answer 75

different regions of the brain

Question 76

what is sternbergs triarchal theory?

Answer 76

3 types of intelligence, analytical, creative, practical

Question 77

what is the definition of componential (analytical) intelligence?

Answer 77

intelligence depends upon basic processes called componenets, including memory and learning

Question 78

what is the definition of experiential (creative) intelligence?

Answer 78

intelligent behaviour involves applying existing knowledge to novel tasks

Question 79

what is the definition of contextual (practical) intelligence?

Answer 79

intelligent behaviour involves adapting to one's environment

Question 80

who developed intelligence tests?

Answer 80

binet and simon

Question 81

who created the concept of mental age?

Answer 81

binet and simon

Question 82

what info did mental age provide?

Answer 82

provided info on whether child was delayed or advanced

Question 83

termans messurement of iq = ?

Answer 83

mental age / chronological age x 100

Question 84

what are the most common tests in Canada used to measure intelligence?

Answer 84

wechsler scales

Question 85

what do the parents of children with high test scores look like?

Answer 85

stimulating, responsive and involved

Question 86

why might female children have better verbal skills?

Answer 86

might be related to left hemisphere maturing faster

Question 87

male children have better spatial skills

Question 88

when is sounding out indivdual syllables common?

Answer 88

common in beginner readers

Question 89

what factors contribute to children improving their writing?

Answer 89

greater knowledge, better organization, get better with mechanical requirements, greater skill in revising

Question 90

when is counting mastered?

Answer 90

by kindergarten

Question 91

what is true about canadian student math scores?

Answer 91

they are substantially lower

Question 92

what is responsible for the lowered math scores in North America?

Answer 92

time spent in school, time spent on homework and attitudes towards it, parents belief ab effort and ability

Question 93

what are the 2 main types of math instruction?

Answer 93

discovery based, direct instruction

Question 94

what is gender identity?

Answer 94

persons inner sense of their own gender

Question 95

how is self esteem measured in preschool kids?

Answer 95

by showing the child pictures and asking them to choose which featured child rhey are more alike

Question 96

Harter evaluates self worth across what 5 domains?

Answer 96

1. scholastic competence 2. athletoc competence 3. social accpetance 4. behavioural conduct 5. physical appearance

Question 97

when is a drop in self esteem normal?

Answer 97

during middle childhood

Question 98

children with low self esteem are more like to:

Answer 98

have problems with peers, prone to psychological disorders, be involved in antisocial behaviour, do poorly in school

Question 99

what can affect a childs ability to take another persons perspective?

Answer 99

maltreatment and abuse

Question 100

when will children claim to have a bestfriend?

Answer 100

by kindergarten

Question 101

most children can be plaed in 1/5 categories in regards to popularity

Answer 101

popular, rejected, controversial, average, neglected

Question 102

what are characteristics of popular children?

Answer 102

smarter, more physically attractive, better social skills

Question 103

what are characteristics of rejected kids?

Answer 103

less socially skilled, aggressive, poor self control, disrupted in class, more likkley to get into criminal trouble

Question 104

when was the first time social science research allowed into court as evidence?

Answer 104

the experiment from Clark and Clark

Question 105

prosocial behaviour

Answer 105

actions that promote harmony in a social group

Question 106

what skills do children learn that make prosocial behaviour more likely?

Answer 106

perspective taking, empathy

Question 107

children are more likely to help others when they?

Answer 107

Feel responsible to the person in need Have the skills that are needed to help Are happy/in a good mood Dont have to give up a lot to help

Question 108

where does proscoial behaviour begin?

Answer 108

the home

Question 109

what is aggression?

Answer 109

externalized behaviour meant to harm others and that violates the rights of others

Question 110

name the types of aggressions?

Answer 110

instrumental, reactive, relational

Question 111

what is instrumental aggression?

Answer 111

used to achieve some goal

Question 112

what is reactive aggression?

Answer 112

agression in response to another childs behaviour

Question 113

what is relational aggression?

Answer 113

verbal aggression, hurting others by undermining their social realtionships

Question 114

parental use of physical punishment is associayed with what in children?

Answer 114

high levels of agressive behaviour in children

Question 115

what is a latchkey kid?

Answer 115

take care of themselves after school

Question 116

approx ___ in 10 marriages end in divorce

Answer 116

4

Question 117

in the first few months after divorce, mothers were..

Answer 117

less affectionate, had harder time controlling

Question 118

2 years after divorce, mothers ...

Answer 118

improved relationship with children

Question 119

6 years after divorce....

Answer 119

life was good for mothers and daughters but more difficult for sons and mothers