Cognitive/Motor Flashcards
(272 cards)
1
Q
Large RFs, spatial features and motion.
A
Primary visual cortex
2
Q
Small RFs, simple image features such as oriented line segments.
A
Parietal visual stream
3
Q
Large RFs, complex image features
A
Temporal visual stream
4
Q
visual and other sensory modalities are combined
A
Polymodal
5
Q
Object recognition in the temporal lobe
A
Faces
6
Q
The pupillary reflex of light in one eye
A
both pupils constrict
7
Q
Frequency
A
Number of cycles per second = pitch (hertz)
8
Q
loudness is determined on the wave by
A
Amplitude
9
Q
Decibels
A
sound pressure/reference pressure
10
Q
Whisper occurs at what dB
A
0-20
11
Q
Conversation occurs at what dB
A
20-40
12
Q
Heavy Traffic occurs at what dB
A
40-60
13
Q
Live Rock occurs at what dB
A
80-100
14
Q
Discomfort occurs at what dB
A
100-120
15
Q
Pain occurs at what dB
A
140-160
16
Q
The three layers on the normal audibility curve
A
Threshold, damage threshold, and pain
17
Q
damage threshold
A
90 dB
18
Q
How does maximum listening time per day change with volume level?
A
As volume increases, the listening time significantly decreases
19
Q
Presbycusis
A
Progressive, bilateral hearing loss with increasing age, mainly for frequencies > 1,000 Hz
20
Q
Where basilar membrane motion is converted into neuronal activity
A
the organ of corti
21
Q
Deflection of basilar membrane produces
A
shearing of hair cell stereocelia
22
Q
Outer hair cell “electromotility”
- Shortens when
- Lengthened when
A
- Shorten when depolarized
- Lengthened when hyperpolarize
23
Q
Are used to evaluate hearing in newborns
A
Otoacoustic emissions
24
Q
Hair cells contain what type of receptor
A
Hair cells contain mechanoreceptors
25
What connects each stereocilia?
Tip links
26
Tip links
gate ion channels in the stereocilia at the top of the hair cells
27
Mechano-transduction at tip link activates
activates afferent neurons
28
Ringing in your ears
Tinnitus
29
Two types of tinnitus
Transient and Chronic
30
Transient tinnitus
(< 24 hours)
- Usually due to loud noise.
- Excessive mechanical stress of stereocilia. - Tip-links are thought to break, but
eventually grow back (ringing stops).
31
Chronic tinnitus
- Many causes, but predominately loud noise. - Origin can be either inner ear, nerve or
central pathways.
- Impacts quality of life (does not stop
32
Visual transduction
Photons: high energy but hard to catch (~100X106 photoreceptors)
Trillions of opsin molecules
Slow: G-protein cascade
Amplification: one photon closes many ion channels
33
Auditory transduction
Sound waves: low energy but all around (~15,000 hair cells)
Several hundred thousand tip links
Fast: direct channel activation
No amplification of the transduction
34
Central auditory pathways
```
Primary auditory cortex
Thalamus
Midbrain
Medulla
8th cranial nerve (vestibular and auditory)
```
35
Cochlear Implant is required due to
Hair cell loss due to ageing, loud sounds, ototoxic drugs:
36
Cochlear Implant steps
1) Implanted through round window
2) Electrode placed in scala tympani
3) Electrodes are spaced along the cochlear spiral to stimulate groups of afferent fibers that respond to different frequencies.
Generally ~12 electrodes.
37
Why when the head rotates; eyes rotate in opposite direction and gaze does not change
Vestibular ocular reflex
38
vestibular system controls
includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that process the sensory information involved with controlling balance and eye movements.
39
One key similarity between the auditory and vestibular system
Tip links gate ion channels in the stereocilia
40
Organization of semicircular canals at rest vs rotation of the head
stereocilia bend
41
Utricle and saccule detect
linear acceleration
- Utricle: horizontal
- saccule: vertical
42
How many taste buds do you have?
about 10000
43
5 types of taste
Umani, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Sweet
44
Central taste pathways goes through .....
Cranial Nerves
Medulla
Thalamus
Ipsilatory gustatory cortex
45
Olfaction
Smell
46
Salty channels
sodium moving through channel
47
Sour channels
Sodium and hydrogen move through channel then potassium is pumped back across against hydrogen
48
Bitter channels
Bitter blocks potassium channels
| various G-protein cascades
49
Sweet channels
G-protein cascade
50
Umani channels
Glutamate receptors
| G protein cascade
51
Olfactory signal transduction
Ordorant binding to orderant receptor
G protien activation
Opening of ion channel
52
How many orderant receptors?
1000
53
Central olfactory pathways
Olfactory bulb to Olfactory tract to nerve to limbic system
54
Consciousness is measured by
behavior and brain activity
55
State of consciousness
level of arousal (awake, asleep, etc.)
56
thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc
Conscious experience
57
The electroencephalograph (EEG)
Mainly measures activity of neurons located near the scalp in the
gray matter of the cortex.
58
EEG Frequency
is related to
| levels of responsiveness.
59
EEG amplitude
is related to synchronous neural activity
60
EEGs reflect
mental states
61
relaxed with eyes closed
| slow frequencies
Alpha rhythm
62
alert
| fast frequencies
Beta rhythm
63
Awake rhythm amplitude and frequency
Low amplitude and high frequencies
64
How many stages of NREM
4
65
NREM
slow wave sleep
66
REM
paradoxical sleep
67
As you go from stage 1 to 4 what changes?
amplitude increases
| frequency decreases
68
How long does it take for stages 1-4 of NREM to occur?
30-45 minutes
69
REM sleep rhythm
low amplitude
| high frequencies
70
Sleep apnea
sudden reduction in respiration
71
At REM what happens to eye and neck movements
Increased eye movement
| Increased inhibition of skeletal muscle (low muscle tone, but twitching can occur)
72
At REM what happens to the heart and respiration rate?
Increased heart rate and respiration
73
Regulating States of consciousness involves two parts
Brainstem nuclei that are part of the reticular activating system
- Hypothalamus with circadian and homeostatic centres
74
what occurs when waking in norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine levels?
increased norepinephrine and serotonin
| decreased acetylcholine
75
State when aminergic neurons are active
waking (reticular activating system)
76
what occurs to go into REM sleep in norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine levels?
decreased norepinephrine and serotonin
| increased acetylcholine
77
State when cholinergic neurons are active
REM sleep
78
the reticular activating system is for
Waking or REM sleep
79
the hypothalamus is for
NREM sleep or waking
80
What happens to GABA, histamine, and activation of the thalamus and cortex levels during waking?
decreased GABA
increased histamine
increased activation of the thalamus and cortex
81
increased histamine would result in
waking
82
Increased inhibition would result in
NREM sleep
83
What happens to GABA, histamine, and activation of the thalamus and cortex levels for NREM sleep?
increased GABA
decreased histamine
decreased activation of the thalamus and cortex
84
Motivation
produce goal-directed behavior
85
Emotions
accompany our conscious experiences
86
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Reward pathway
87
the primary neurotransmitter in the reward pathway
dopamine
88
Self stimulation experiments
Continuous activation of reward related areas of the brain.
89
What pathway involves the Prefrontal cortex, midbrain, locus cereleus in the reticular activating system
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
90
Limbic system
Emotions system
91
Limbic system parts of the brain
Olfactory bulb
Amygdala
Hippocampus
92
Hippocampus
related to memory
93
Schizophrenia
diverse set of problems in basic cognitive processing. Wide range of symptoms including hallucinations and delusions. Affects one out of 100 people.
94
Reducing the effects of dopamine can improve symptoms of
Schizophrenia
95
decreased activity in the anterior limbic system results in
Depression
96
increase the levels of serotonin and
| norepinephrine in the extracellular space around synapses is a treatments of
depression
97
Bipolar disorder
swings between mania and depression.
98
Treatments that include lithium that reduces certain synaptic signalling pathways are for
Bipolar disorder
99
Central olfactory pathways leads to the ____ system by ____
limbic system by the olfactory bulb/nerve
100
What does the odorant bind to and where?
odorant receptors in the cilia
101
What does the odorant binding activate?
G-protien and opens the ion channels
102
Consolidation
short-term to long-term
103
Best way for consolidation to occur
sleep
104
Learning and memory occurs in the
Hippocampus
105
Conscious experiences that can be put into words
Declarative memory
106
Memory type: Skilled behaviour
Procedural memory
107
Short term declarative memory occurs in what parts of the brain?
Hippocampus and other temporal lobe structures.
108
T/F: Long term declarative memory occurs in many areas of association cortex
T
109
T/F: Short term procedural memory occurs only in the hippocampus
F it is widely distributed
110
Long term procedural memory stored
in Basal nuclei, premotor cortex, Cerebellum
111
Language hemisphere
Left
112
Aphasia
language deficit
113
Articulation of language occurs in the
Broca’s area
114
Where does comprehension of language occur?
Wernicke’s area
115
Neglecting part of the body or space, which can also impair drawing ability is due to damage in the
parietal lobe
116
Motor behaviour can be
Purposeful or goal directed
117
Two specific types of motor behaviour
1) Voluntary 2) Reflexive
118
Agonist
muscle contracts
119
Antagonist
muscle relaxes
120
Agonist and Antagonist Extension muscles
Agonist: Extensor muscle contracts
Antagonist: Flexor muscle relaxes
121
Agonist and Antagonist Flexion muscles
Antagonist: Extensor muscle relaxes
Agonist: Flexor muscle contracts
122
Decrease the angle around the joint
Flexion
123
Increase the angle around the joint
Extension
124
Limb position is maintained by a
balance of flexor and extensor muscle tension
125
muscle activation and relaxation of flexor and extensor is
coordinated
126
Motor neurons are (excitatory/inhibitory/both)
Only excitatory (ACh)
127
Alpha motor neurons
innervate skeletal (extrafusal) muscle
128
Gamma motor neurons
innervate muscle spindle (intrafusal)
129
Motor neurons receives input mostly from
interneurons
130
Cell bodies of motor neurons are in
ventral horn of spinal cord (spinal nerves) or brain stem (cranial nerves)
131
Spinal interneurons: descending pathways control
Voluntary movements
132
Spinal interneurons: other spinal levels
Coordinates complex movements
133
Spinal interneurons: joint receptor
Proprioceptive feedback
134
Spinal interneurons: skin receptor
Pain
135
Spinal interneurons: tendon receptor
Tension
| monitoring
136
Spinal interneurons: muscle receptor (from antagonistic muscle)
Length monitoring
137
Ascending sensory information moves through
dorsal columns
138
Motor neuron is in the (dorsal/ventral) horn
ventral horn
139
Motor efferent in the (dorsal/ventral) root
in ventral root
140
What protects limbs from injury?
Withdrawal reflex
141
What reflex controls muscle length?
Stretch reflex
142
Two types of stretch reflex
monosynaptic, polysynaptic
143
Inverse stretch reflex
controls muscle tension
144
T/F: Spinal reflexes can be overridden and modified
Most spinal reflexes can be overridden
145
Flexion withdrawal reflex on the ipsilateral
- inhibition of
- excitation of
- Inhibition of motor neurons innervating the ipsilateral extensor
- Excitation of motor neurons innervating the ipsilateral flexor
146
Flexion withdrawal reflex on the contralateral
- inhibition of
- excitation of
- Inhibition of motor neurons innervating the contralateral flexor
- Excitation of motor neurons innervating the contralateral extensor
147
Magnitude of withdrawal reflex depends on the
magnitude of pain stimulus
148
In the withdrawal reflex, limb withdrawal persists even after removal of the painful stimulus because of
Feedback loops in the spinal cord
149
Afterdischarge
Response maintained after stimulus termination (spinal feedback loops)
150
Irradiation
distance of limb withdrawal
| Increase in rate and magnitude of withdrawal response with increased stimulus strength (recruitment of interneurons).
151
ipsilateral properties of withdrawal reflex:
- contraction of
- relaxation of
Flexor muscle contraction
| Extensor muscle relaxation
152
Contralateral properties of withdrawal reflex:
- contraction of
- relaxation of
Extensor muscle contraction
| Flexor muscle relaxation
153
Interneurons between sensory input and motor output
Polysynaptic
154
Monosynaptic stretch reflex
knee jerk
155
Knee jerk is due to excitation/inhibition of motor neurons in the ipsilateral extensor
excitation
156
Knee jerk is due to excitation/inhibition of motor neurons in the ipsilateral flexor
inhibition
157
Muscle spindle is in series/parallel with extrafusal muscle
parallel
158
Extrafusal muscle fiber is activated by
alpha motor neurons
159
Intrafusal muscle fiber is activated by
gamma motor neurons
160
2 types of muscle spindles afferents
la primary
| la secondary
161
nuclear bag fibers are _____ afferents
la primary
162
nuclear chain fibers are ______ afferents
lI secondary
163
la ______ causes dynamic changes in muscle length (and some static length)
Ia primary
164
signal static muscle length
II secondary
165
What happens to muscle spindles when the spindle collapses in voluntary flexion?
lose sensitivity
166
Muscles in extension are lengthened/contracted
lengthen
167
Muscles in voluntary flexion are lengthened/shortened
Muscles are shorten
168
Extension/Voluntary flexion: Increase in muscle spindle afferent activity
Extension
169
Extension/Voluntary flexion: Muscle spindle collapses (sensitivity is reduced)
Voluntary flexion
170
Extension/Voluntary flexion: intrafusal fibers contract and muscle spindle is stretched
Voluntary flexion
171
How is spindle sensitivity maintained?
Intrafusal fibers contract and muscle spindle is stretched
172
Alpha-gamma act in a coactivation/cocontraction
coactivation
173
Change in length activates
muscle spindle
174
Properties of stretch reflex (3)
Resists changes in muscle length
Mono- and polysynaptic components.
Feedback from muscle spindles.
175
Properties of muscle spindles (3)
1) Reports muscle length.
2) In parallel with extrafusal muscle fibers (does not contribute to the force of muscle contraction).
3) Alpha-gamma coactivation.
176
Detects changes in muscle length and some static length (nuclear bag fibers)
Ia primary
177
Detects static length (nuclear chain fibers).
II secondary
178
Maintain muscle spindle sensitivity.
Intrafusal fibers
179
Golgi tendon organ reports to
tension
180
Active contraction of a muscle produces more ______ than ______
(stretching, tension)
tension than stretching
181
Golgi tendon is in (series/parallel) with the muscle
series
182
Golgi tendon organ structure
Capsule
Ib afferent
Free nerve ending
collagen fibers
183
Number of golgi tendon afferents
1: lb afferent
184
Golgi tendon organ reflex
(inverse stretch)
185
Properties of Golgi tendon organ
1. Reports ____
2. in _____ with extrafusal muscle fibers.
3. ___ afferents
4. Underlies ______ stretch reflex
1) Reports muscle tension.
2) In series with extrafusal muscle fibers.
3) Ib afferents.
4) Underlies inverse stretch reflex (polysynaptic).
186
Reports muscle tension.
Golgi tendon organ
187
In series with extrafusal muscle fibers.
Golgi tendon organ
188
Ib afferents.
Golgi tendon orga
189
Underlies inverse stretch reflex (polysynaptic).
Golgi tendon organ
190
Golgi tendon organ reflex:
| increased/decreased afferent activity from Golgi tendon organ
increased
191
Golgi tendon organ reflex:
| increased/decreased tension in the extensor muscle
increased
192
Golgi tendon organ reflex:
| Inhibition/Excitation of motor neurons innervating the ipsilateral extensor
Inhibition
193
Golgi tendon organ reflex:
| Inhibition/Excitation of motor neurons innervating the ipsilateral flexor
Excitation
194
High, Middle, Low level:
| Consciously initiate movement
High
195
High, Middle, Low level:
| Executes the individual muscle contractions.
Middle
196
High, Middle, Low level:
| Makes corrections based on sensory information.
Middle
197
High, Middle, Low level:
| Sensorimotor cortex
Middle level
198
High, Middle, Low level:
| Basal nuclei
Middle level
199
High, Middle, Low level:
| Thalamus
Middle level
200
High, Middle, Low level:
| Brainstem
Middle level
201
High, Middle, Low level:
| Cerbellum
Middle level
202
High, Middle, Low level:
| Brainstem and spinal cord
Low level (local)
203
T/F: Voluntary movements do not have an “involuntary” component
F: Voluntary movements have an “involuntary” component
204
Voluntary control of movement is initiated in the ______
frontal lobe
205
Organization of primary motor cortex: top to bottom
legs
arms
head
206
Size of body structures in primary motor cortex is proportional to the (2)
- number of neurons dedicated to their motor control
| - degree of skill required to operate that area of the body
207
relationship between select muscle groups and the body areas they control
Systematic
208
Corticospinal
skilled movements
209
Extrapyramidal
trunk & posture
210
Corticospinal is from ________ to ____ and ______
from sensorimotor cortex to brainstem and spinal cord
211
Does Corticospinal cross the medulla
Yes
212
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Originates in primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus).
Corticospinal
213
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Compact, discrete fiber tract direct to spinal cord.
Corticospinal
214
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Crossed: Controls contralateral muscles.
Corticospinal
215
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Extremities: Predominantly hands and feet.
Corticospinal
216
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Controls skilled voluntary movements.
Corticospinal
217
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Originates from neurons in brainstem.
Extrapyramidal
218
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Diffused and indirect: Several descending tracts via the brainstem.
Extrapyramidal
219
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Crossed and uncrossed.
Extrapyramidal
220
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Trunk and postural muscles.
Extrapyramidal
221
(Corticospinal/Extrapyramidal)
| Controls upright posture, balance, and walking.
Extrapyramidal
222
Resistance of skeletal muscle to stretch.
Muscle tone
223
Muscle tone of Normal subject
Slight and uniform
224
Hypertonia
Abnormally high muscle tone.
225
Hypotonia
Abnormally low muscle tone.
226
Spasticity
Overactive motor reflexes.
227
Rigidity
Constant muscle contraction.
228
Atrophy
Loss of muscle mass
229
Helps to determine the specific sequence of movements needed to accomplish a desired action.
Basal nuclei
230
One of the most common movement disorders.
Parkinson disease
231
Reduced dopamine input to the basal nuclei.
Parkinson disease
232
Akinesia
Reduced movements
233
Bradykinesia
Slow movements
234
What is in contrast with cerebellar deficits?
Resting tremor
235
Treatment for Parkinson disease
increasing dopamine concentrations in the brain
236
One of the most common movement disorders.
Parkinson disease
237
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Reduced dopamine input to the basal nuclei.
Parkinson disease
238
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Akinesia
Parkinson disease
239
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Bradykinesia
Parkinson disease
240
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Muscular rigidity
Parkinson disease
241
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Resting tremor
Parkinson disease
242
Treatment for Parkinson disease
increasing dopamine concentrations in the brain
243
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Genetic mutation that causes widespread loss of neurons in the brain.
Huntington disease
244
Name the disease:
| Shows up later in life and causes neurons in the basal nuclei to be referentially lost
Huntington disease
245
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| hyperkinesis
Huntington disease
246
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Choreiform movements
Huntington disease
247
Hyperkinetic disorder
excessive motor movements
248
Choreiform movements
jerky, random involuntary movements of limbs and face
249
What is deep brain stimulation used for?
To treat Parkinson disease
250
two places of deep brain stimulation
globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
251
Part of brain that controls movement timing, planning, and error correction. Learning new motor skills.
Cerebellum
252
Contains almost half of the brain's neurons
Cerebellum
253
What type of information does the cerebellum receive and integrate?
Receives sensory information: vestibular, visual, auditory, somatosensory, proprioceptive.
254
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Asynergia
Cerebellar degeneration (deficits)
255
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Dysmetria
Cerebellar degeneration (deficits)
256
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Ataxia
Cerebellar degeneration (deficits)
257
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| Intention tremor
Cerebellar degeneration (deficits)
258
Name the disease that causes this symptom:
| No paralysis or weakness
Cerebellar degeneration (deficits)
259
Asynergia
Smooth movements are subdivided into their separate components.
260
Dysmetria
Unable to target movements correctly “past pointing”.
261
Ataxia
Incoordination of muscles groups (awkward gate).
262
Intention tremor
During voluntary movements.
263
otolith
sense gravity and linear acceleration such as from due to initiation of movement in a straight line
264
Stereocilia bend relative to
Otoliths which lags behind
265
Auditory or Visual transduction:
| Sound waves: low energy but all around (~15,000 hair cells)
Auditory
266
Auditory or Visual transduction:
| Several hundred thousand tip links
Auditory
267
Auditory or Visual transduction:
| Fast: direct channel activation
Auditory
268
Auditory or Visual transduction:
| No amplification of the transduction
Auditory
269
Photons: high energy but hard to catch (~100X106 photoreceptors)
Visual
270
Trillions of opsin molecules
Visual
271
Slow: G-protein cascade
Visual
272
Amplification: one photon closes many ion channels
Visual
