Cognitive-Neurological Disorders

Question 1

Adiadochokinesia

Answer 1

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Question 2

agnosia

Answer 2

inability to interpret senses - therefore unable to recognize objects

Question 3

Agraphesthesia

Answer 3

inability to recognize letters/numbers drawn on skin by external source

Question 4

Ataxia

Answer 4

describes a lack of coordination while performing voluntary movements - aka clumsy

Question 5

athetoid movements

Answer 5

characterized by slow, involuntary, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes and feet

Question 6

astereignosis

Answer 6

inability to identify an object by active touch without other sensory input - vision

Question 7

chorea

Answer 7

brief, purposeless, involuntary movements of the distal extremities and face (parkinsons)

Question 8

dysarthria

Answer 8

difficult or unclear articulation of speechl typically impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production

Question 9

dyskinesias

Answer 9

involuntary, nonrepetitive, but occasionaly stereotypes movements affecting distal, proximal and axial muscles in vary combinations

Question 10

dysmetria

Answer 10

lack of coordination of movement typified by the under/over shoot of intended position with hand/arm/leg or eye. aka. inability to judge distance

Question 11

dyssynergia

Answer 11

AKA ATAXIA

Question 12

DYSTONIA

Answer 12

Results in sustained abnormal postures and disruptions of ongoing movement resulting from alterations of muscle tonie

Question 13

figure-ground discrimination dysfunction

Answer 13

inability to distinguish an object from its background

Question 14

flaccidity

Answer 14

low muscle tone

Question 15

form constancy dysfunction

Answer 15

inability to mentally manipulate forms/visualize the resulting outcomes

Question 16

hemiballismus (ballism)

Answer 16

usually characterized by involuntary flinging motions of the extremities. movements are often violent and can involve proximal/distal muscles on 1 side of body (huntingtons)

Question 17

ideomotor apraxia

Answer 17

inability to perform movement and skilled gestures such as using a hammer/waving

Question 18

ideational apraxia

Answer 18

inability to conceptualize, plan and execute the complex sequence of motor actions involved in the use of tools (brushing teeth)

Question 19

metamorphopsia

Answer 19

grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid may appear blank

Question 20

myoclonus

Answer 20

a brief and rapid contraction of a muscle/group of muscles

Question 21

nystagmus

Answer 21

involuntary eye movement (side to side)

Question 22

prosopagnosia

Answer 22

inability to recognize the faces of familar people

Question 23

rigidty

Answer 23

stiffness/inflexible

Question 24

simultanognosia

Answer 24

inability to perceive more that 1 object at a time

Question 25

spasticity

Answer 25

increased muscle tone

Question 26

tics

Answer 26

brief, rapid, involuntary movements, often resembling fragments of normal motor behaviour - stereotype and repetitive

Question 27

tremor

Answer 27

rhythmic, alternating, oscillatory movements produced by repetitive patterns of muscle contraction and relaxtions

Question 28

Hemiparesis

Answer 28

one sided weakness

Question 29

presbycusis

Answer 29

sensorineural hearing disorder. It is most commonly caused by gradual changes in the inner ear. The cumulative effects of repeated exposure to daily traffic sounds or construction work, noisy offices, equipment that produces noise, and loud music can cause sensorineural hearing loss.

Question 30

diplopia

Answer 30

subjective complaint of seeing 2 images instead of one and is often referred to as double-vision in lay parlance

Question 31

heminopsia

Answer 31

blindness over half the field of vision

Question 32

presbyopia

Answer 32

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age

Question 33

ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Answer 33

Motor neuron disease characterized by progressive degeneration of corticospinal tracts and anterior horn cells or bulbar efferent neurons. Death occurs 2-5 years Stages 1. ambulatory, independent in ADLs - mild weakness 2. ambulatory, increased fatigue, moderate weakness 3. ambulatory, severe weakness in some muscles 4. w/c, almost independent - severe LE weakness 5. w/c, dependent, severe LE/UE weakness 6. bed ridden, max assist Ix. - environmental modifications, exercise, assistive devices, manage dysphagia, optimize strength/rom, splints, energy conservation, skin integrity management

Question 34

Guillian-Barre Syndrome

Answer 34

autoimmune disorder where immune system attacks PNS; seen often from recovery from an infectious disease. Symptoms: symmetrical paralysis, begins in LE ascending up causing weakness, ataxia, bilateral paresthesia progressing to paralysis, mild sensory loss (glove like), cranial nerve dysfunction, facial palsy, numbness, tingling Phases 1) acute - increasing symptoms over 2-4 weeks and increased weakness 2) plateau phase - greatest disability 3) recovery - progressive few days to week - up to 2 years

Question 35

Huntington's

Answer 35

is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells. The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities. A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow. As the disease advances, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent. Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk. Mental abilities generally decline into dementia Symptoms - movement - involuntary jerking or writhing movements (chorea) Muscle problems, such as rigidity or muscle contracture (dystonia) Slow or abnormal eye movements Impaired gait, posture and balance Difficulty with the physical production of speech or swallowing Difficulty organizing, prioritizing or focusing on tasks Lack of flexibility or the tendency to get stuck on a thought, behavior or action (perseveration) Lack of impulse control that can result in outbursts, acting without thinking and sexual promiscuity Lack of awareness of one's own behaviors and abilities Slowness in processing thoughts or ''finding'' words Difficulty in learning new information Feelings of irritability, sadness or apathy Social withdrawal Insomnia Fatigue and loss of energy Frequent thoughts of death, dying or suicide

Question 36

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 36

degenerative neurological condition - white matter attacks CNS Symptoms: Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of your body at a time, or the legs and trunk Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement Prolonged double vision Tingling or pain in parts of your body Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward (Lhermitte sign) Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait Slurred speech Fatigue Dizziness Problems with bowel and bladder function

Question 37

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Answer 37

caused by flaws in the gene that controls how the body keeps muscles healthy. Symptoms: muscle weakness, awkward manner of walking, stepping etc, frequent falls, fatigue, poor motor skills, muscle contractures, pseudohypertrophy of tongue/calf muscles, skeletal deformities, ---deterioration over time

Question 38

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 38

progressive neurological disorder, idiopathic, slowly progressive and degenerative. Stages: 1) Unilateral involvement only, usually with minimal or no functional impairment.Tremor, rigidity, slowness 2) Bilateral tremor, rigidity, akinesia, independent ADL - no balance impairment 3) worsening symptoms, 1st signs of impaired righting reflexes, onset of disability in ADLs 4) requires help w/some or al ADL, unable to live alone w/out some assistance, able to stand/walk unaided 5) confined to w/c, max. assistance Symptoms: tremor, rigidity, resistance to PROM, akinesia, bradykinesia, festinating gait, postural instability, mask face

Question 39

Spina Bifida

Answer 39

genetic, intrauterine and/or environment factors contribute to the failure of the spinal column's vertebral arches to fully form to enclose and to protect the neural tube. may result in protrusion of neural tube

Question 40

Spinal Cord Injury

Answer 40

T12 or higher - spasticity of limbs below lesion T12 or lower - flaccid paralysis of legs, loss of refflexes, atonicity of bladder/bowel, reduced muscle tone C1-C4 - need 24hr caregiver max assist ADLs/transfers etc

Question 41

Right CVA

Answer 41

Paralysis on the left side of the body Vision problems - visual spatial problems Quick, inquisitive behavioral style Memory loss neglect

Question 42

Left CVA

Answer 42

``` Paralysis on the right side of the body Speech/language problems Slow, cautious behavioral style Memory loss Brain Stem aphasia ```

Question 43

Delirium

Answer 43

results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of your environment. The start of delirium is usually rapid — within hours or a few days. Delirium can often be traced to one or more contributing factors, such as a severe or chronic medical illness, changes in your metabolic balance (such as low sodium), medication, infection, surgery, or alcohol or drug withdrawal.

Question 44

Dementia

Answer 44

a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.

Question 45

Cataracts

Answer 45

opasticity, clouding of lens - gradual loss, central first, then peripheral

Question 46

glaucoma

Answer 46

tunnel vision - can progress to total

Question 47

macular degeneration

Answer 47

loss of central vision - retain peripheral

Question 48

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 48

central vision impaired, blurred, color affected

Question 49

astigmatism

Answer 49

distorts images