COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Question 1

studies how the brain and other aspects of the
nervous systems are linked to cognitive
processing and, ultimately, to behaviour.

Answer 1

COGNITIVE
NEUROSCIENCE

Question 2

organ in our bodies that most directly controls our
thoughts, emotions, and motivations

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BRAIN

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Referred as the “ SUPREME ORGAN”

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BRAIN

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the basis for our ability to
perceive, adapt to, and interact
with the world around us

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Are structures that perform essential functions for survival and for high level thinking and
feeling.

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FOREBRAIN, MID-BRAIN, &HIND BRAIN

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the brain becomes more highly specialized and the locations and relative positions of the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain change from conception to term.

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FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

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the region of the brain
located toward the top and front of the
brain.

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FOREBRAIN

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includes the cerebral cortex, the
basal ganglia, the limbic system, the
thalamus, and the hypothalamus

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FOREBRAIN

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is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. It plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.

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CEREBRAL CORTEX

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important to emotion,
motivation, memory, and
learning.

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LIMBIC SYSTEM

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It is involved in anger and fear.

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SEPTUM

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Plays an important role as
well, especially in anger and aggression.
Central player of fear.

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AMYGDALA

Question 13

essential for memory
formation its name came from the Greek word for
“seahorse”, and its approximate
shape

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HIPPOCAMPUS

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collections of neurons
crucial to motor function. Dysfunction
of the basal ganglia can result in motor
deficits.

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BASAL GANGLIA

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A
disease that produces loss of
memory function

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KORSAKOFF’s SYNDROME

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acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones.

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HYPOTHALAMUS

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it is involved in the initiation and regulation of
aggressive behaviours when they are for defense in survival.

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(HYPOTHALAMUS)
FIGHTING

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controls hunger and satiety, ensuring that an individual
consumes enough food for energy and sustenance.

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(HYPOTHALAMUS) FEEDING

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can trigger the fight of light response, coordinating
physiological changes to help an individual respond to perceived
threats.

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(HYPOTHALAMUS) FLEEING

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it plays role in regulating reproductive behaviors and
hormonal changes related to mating.

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(HYPOTHALAMUS) MATING

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has a vital role in functioning of the endocrine system which
regulates of hormones throughout the body.

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HYPOTHALAMUS

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relays
incoming sensory
information through
groups of neurons
that project to the
appropriate region in the
cortex.

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THALAMUS

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Abnormal changes in the thalamus can lead to perceptual and attention deficits contributing to hallucinations and delusions.

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SCHIZOPHRENIA

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a neurological disorder characterized by
sudden uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, often at
unpredictable times.

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NARCOLEPSY

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helps to control eye movement and coordination.

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MID BRAIN

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a network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness, including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

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RETICULAR ACTIVITY SYSTEM (RAS)

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which connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.

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BRAIN STEM

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acts as a bridge between the forebrain (which controls higher cognitive functions) and the spinal cord.

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BRAIN STEM

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is a critical medical determination used to confirm the irreversible cessation of all brain functions, including consciousness and brain stem reflexes

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BRAIN DEATH

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comprises the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.

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HIND BRAIN

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located at the point where the spinal cord enters the skull and connects with the brain.

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MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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It controls bodily coordination.

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CEREBELLUM

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means “little brain” in Latin, and is involved in several essential functions

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CEREBELLUM

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is crucial for precise motor control

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CEREBELLUM

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also plays a role in some aspects of memory, particularly those related to procedural memory and learned motor skills.

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CEREBELLUM

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- a measure of the degree to which neurons interact across multiple scales in a neural system. - given humans enhanced abilities

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Neural Complexity

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responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain, including language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality.

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CEREBRAL CORTEX

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means that the certain sensory and motor functions are processed in the one hemisphere and affect the opposite.

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(Cerebral Cortex) Contralateral

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some sensory information is processed ipsilaterally, meaning it is processed on the same side of the body.

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(Cerebral Cortex) Ipsilateral

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is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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(Cerebral Cortex) corpus callosum

Question 39

- In the 19th century a country doctor in France treated patients that suffers from aphasia. - Dax did not find any cases were speech loss damage solely from the right hemisphere.

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MARC DAX

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Loss of speech due to brain damage.

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APHASIA

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In 1981, a French scientist conducted an autopsy on aphasic patient who had a lesion in the left hemisphere

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PAUL BROCA

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By 1864, he was convinced that the left hemisphere of the brain has a vital role in speech

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PAUL BROCA

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Identified a distinct area of the brain, now called Wernicke’s area, which is responsible for language comprehension.

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CARL WERNICKE

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He identified a specific area in the left hemisphere, now known as Broca’s area, which is associated with speech production.

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PAUL BROCA

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A German Neurologist conducted research on language-deficient patients who could speak but made no sense.

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CARL WERNICKE

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Father of neuropsychology.

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KARL SPENCER LASHLEY

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He conducted experiments where electrodes were implanted in the Brain in what seemed to be identical locations.

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KARL SPENCER LASHLEY

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Nobel Prize winning award psychologist

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ROBERT SPERRY

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Argued that each hemisphere of the brain behaves in many respects like a separate brain.

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ROBERT SPERRY

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In a classic experiment, Sperry and his colleagues severed the corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres in cats and monkeys.

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ROBERT SPERRY

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patients who have undergone an operation severing the corpus callosum.

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SPLIT BRAIN

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toward the front of the brain, is associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment.

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FRONTAL LOBE

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is involved in complex motor control and tasks that require integration of information over time.

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PREFONTAL CORTEX

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specializes in the planning, control, and execution of movement, particularly of movement involving any kind of delayed response.

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primary motor cortex

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If your motor cortex were electrically stimulated, you would react by moving a corresponding body part. The nature of the movement would depend on where in the motor cortex your brain had been stimulated.

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primary motor cortex

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Control of the various kinds of body movements is located contralaterally on the primary motor cortex.

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primary motor cortex

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located at the upper back portion of the brain, is associated with somatosensory processing.

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PARIETAL LOBE

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receives information from the senses, about pressure, texture, temperature, and pain. It is located right behind the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex.

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primary somatosensory cortex

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also helps you perceive space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying (Culham, 2003; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2013).

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parietal lobe

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located below the parietal lobe, directly under your temples. It is associated with auditory processing and comprehending language.

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TEMPORAL LOBE

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contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form (Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2013).

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OCCIPITAL LOBE

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are the areas in the lobes in which sensory processing occurs. These areas are referred to as projection areas because the nerves contain sensory information going to (projecting to) the thalamus.

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Projection areas

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primarily in the occipital lobe. Some neural fibers carrying visual information travel ipsilaterally from the left eye to the left cerebral hemisphere and from the right eye to the right cerebral hemisphere.

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visual cortex

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refers to the front part of the brain

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Rostral

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Ventral

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refers to the bottom surface of the body/brain (the side of the stomach).

Question 65

literally means “tail” and refers to the back part of the body/brain.

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Caudal

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refers to the upside of the brain

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Dorsal

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Individual neural cells, transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system (Carlson, 2006; Shepherd, 2004).

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neurons

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contains the nucleus of the cell (the center portion that performs metabolic and reproductive functions for the cell).

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SOMA

Question 69

It is responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.

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SOMA

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are branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

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DENDRITES

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is a long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus (end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons.

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AXON

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is a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.

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MYELIN

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are small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which increase conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals, also called action potentials, which are then conducted down the axon.

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NODES OF RANVIER

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are small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron. Rather, there is a small gap, the synapse.

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TERMINAL BUTTONS

Question 75

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites

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SYNAPSE

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are chemical messengers that transmit information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron (von Bohlen und Halbach & Dermietzel, 2006).

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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associated with memory functions, it also plays an important role in sleep and arousal.

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Acetylcholine

Question 78

associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination, and also is involved in motivational processes, such as reward and reinforcement

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Dopamine

Question 79

plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation.

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Serotonin

Question 80

Postmortem studies and brain dissections have been done for centuries. Even in the twenty-first century, researchers often use dissection to study the relation between the brain and behavior.

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POSTMORTEM STUDIES

Question 80

- The case of Phineas Gage - Broca’s famous patient, Tan. - Victims of Alzheimer’s Disease

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POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION

Question 81

To obtain singlecell recordings, researchers insert a thin electrode next to a single neuron in the brain of an animal (usually a monkey or cat). They then record the changes in electrical activity that occur in the cell when the animal is exposed to a stimulus.

Answer 81

VIVO TECHNIQUES

Question 82

The brain transmits signals through electrical potentials. When recorded, this activity appears as waves of various widths (frequencies) and heights (intensities).

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ELECTRAL RECORDINGS

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are recordings of the electrical frequencies and intensities of the living brain, typically recorded over relatively long periods (Picton & Mazaheri, 2003).

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Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

Question 84

is the record of a small change in the brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event.

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event-related potential (ERP)

Question 85

provide good information about the time course of task-related brain activity.

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event-related potential (ERP)

Question 85

rotating scans produce a three dimensional view of brain structures

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CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan

Question 86

Highlights the blood vessel of the brain.

Answer 86

Brain Angiogram

Question 87

rotating series, shows a clearer three-dimensional picture of brain structures than CT Scan.

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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scan

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Provides images of the brain size and shape.

Answer 88

Structural(MRI)

Question 88

photographs a brain show different metabolic processes during different activities.

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PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan

Question 89

Visualize the parts of the brain that are activities when a person is engage in a particular task.

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Functional (MRI)

Question 89

temporarily disrupts normal brain activity to investigate cognitive functioning when particular areas are disrupted.

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TMS ( Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

Question 90

measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity. It may be used to examine which parts of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effects of stroke or other disease, or to guide brain treatment.

Answer 90

fMRI

Question 91

An analysis determines which areas are responsible for performance of a particular task above and beyond the more general activity.

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Subtraction Method

Question 91

rely on changes that the place within brain as a result of increased consumption of glucose and oxygen in active areas of the brain.

Answer 91

Metabolic Imaging techniques

Question 92

Vascular disorder is a brain disorder caused by a stroke.

Answer 92

STROKE