Cognitive Neuroscience Final Exam

Question 1

Harper is experiencing odd behavioral issues since a traumatic brain injury. For example, when she goes to pour herself coffee, she cannot seem to stop and the cup overflows. Tests show she has longer than normal reaction times suggesting difficulty initiating behavior. Which area did Harper most likely damage?

Answer 1

supplementary motor area SMA

Question 2

Dr. Bridge uses tDCS to stimulate part of the cortex. The stimulation impacts participants’ ability to
create attentional sets in a cued-Stroop Task and their ability to sequence on the Tower of London. Which
part of the cortex did Dr. Bridge most likely stimulate?

Answer 2

DLPFC

Question 3

Noah finds activation of a large network of brain regions, including the anterior cingulate, premotor
cortex, supplementary motor area, and superior parietal sulcus during the time when participants had to shift their attentional set based on changes in feedback. Which task did Noah most likely use in their study?

Answer 3

Wisconsin Card Sorting

Question 4

Elise finds activation of a large network of brain regions, including the right prefrontal cortex, the pre-
putamen during the time when participants had to inhibit a prepotent
supplementary motor area, and the putamen during the time when participants had to inhibit a prepotent response. Which tasks did Elise most likely use in their study?

Answer 4

Stop signal, Flanker, Go-No Go
“all of the above”

Question 5

Skylar wants to examine developmental changes in EF. She has participants from 8 to 80 years old
complete a task where they connect a series of dots, alternating between numbers and letters. Which EF is she most likely measuring and which brain area supports it?

Answer 5

Sequencing; DLPFC

Question 6

If we happened to be recording brain activity while you take this quiz, which ERP component would
we likely see is larger in amplitude for your errors compared to correct responses?

Answer 6

ERN

Question 7

According to Banich’s EF model, the role of the posterior DLPFC in the Stroop task is…
A. to bias activation of color representations in posterior brain regions.
B. to bias information selection towards the appropriate response.
C. to compare the response to the original goal state.
D. to compare the task relevant and irrelevant information.

Answer 7

A. to bias activation of color representations in posterior brain regions.

Question 8

According to Banich’s EF model, the role of the anterior dorsal ACC in the Stroop task is…
A. to bias activation of color representations in posterior brain regions.
B. to bias information selection towards the appropriate response.
C. to compare the response to the original goal state.
D. to compare the task relevant and irrelevant information.
ann

Answer 8

C. to compare the response to the original goal state.

Question 9

Camila tells Jonas he has a heart of gold. Jonas informs her that no one’s heart is made of gold. Jonas took Camila’s words literally, which may mean he has damage to his…
A. Right hemisphere.
B. left hemisphere.
C. thalamus.
D. brain stem.

Answer 9

A. Right hemisphere.

Question 10

Older adults tend to perseverate on the first rule the learn in the Wisconsin Card Sorting task compared to younger adults. Reduced activation of which brain area is associated with that behavior?

Answer 10

DLPFC

Question 11

Penelope designs a task where participants press a key when they see a square. On 10% of the trials, a circle appears instead of a square. Penelope is interested in how the brain responds to the rare circles.
Which ERP component will she likely see increase in amplitude for the circles?

Answer 11

P300

Question 12

Patients with frontal lobe damage show a reduced sympathetic nervous system response, as measured by _______ , to anticipation of negative outcomes.

Answer 12

SCR

Question 13

You design an ERP study of self-monitoring. Which assessment (task) would you use and why? Which ERP component will you be looking for and which brain region is it thought to originate from?

Answer 13

Could use any task to measure self-monitoring, BUT the stroop task could be used to measure ERN ERP that arises from the ACC brain area.

Question 14

Several research techniques have been used to determine the brain’s role in EFs, including fMRI, patient populations, and tDCS. Based on the collective findings we’ve discussed, which brain region(s) would you say
is/are most important to EFs? Describe at least one piece of evidence from class that supports your answer.

Answer 14

Most brain areas are intertwined in all EFs, but some big areas are the ACC (involved in error monitoring) and LDPFC (involved in sequencing behaviors)

Question 15

Denise has filed her own taxes ever since she got her first job at 16. When she completes this year’s forms, the schema that drives her actions will be selected by the

Answer 15

contention scheduler.

Question 16

Donald has somehow avoided using any form of social media his whole life. He was recently hired by
a marketing firm and must help clients manage their Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Donald’s success in
this novel situation will be managed by the

Answer 16

supervisory attentional system. SAS

Question 17

As adults, Denise and Donald have a large store of schemas to help guide their thoughts and behaviors. The Norman and Shallice model of EFs would refer to this store as a

Answer 17

data base

Question 18

Mia is homeschooled. Their mother devised a schedule of classes and uses a timer to let Mia know when to swap subjects. The timer goes off and Mia stops working on math and starts reading their social studies book. Which executive function allows them to do that?

Answer 18

Shifting

Question 19

Mia plays Rocket League online with friends. When mom leaves the room, they think about opening Rocket League instead of doing their school work, but stop themselves from opening the game. Which executive function allows them to do that?

Answer 19

inhibition

Question 20

Mia is helping mom cook dinner. They’ve memorized the Istat ingredients, but need to keep track of which ones have already been added and which ones still need to be added. Which executive function allows
them to do that?

Answer 20

updating

Question 21

Tests of Miyake and Friedman’s model frequently fail to find an inhibition-specific latent variable. What interpretation of this finding has become the most accepted?

Answer 21

Inhibition is common to all other EFs

Question 22

A group of adolescents are asked to complete a Stroop Task and the Marshmallow Test. Which
executive function is the researcher most likely trying to assess?

Answer 22

inhibition

Question 23

Dr. Campbell would like to study the effects of an all-soup diet on executive function. She decides to measure sequencing ability. Which two tasks should Dr. Campbell use?

Answer 23

Letter-Number and Tower of Hanoi

Question 24

Which executive function would NOT be assessed by the Stroop task?
A. inhibition
B. sustained attention
C. Error monitoring
D. sequencing

Answer 24

D. Sequencing

Question 25

Liam wants to get an overall assessment of executive functioning using existing tasks. Liam's professor explains that this will require having people complete multiple EF tasks. Is Liam's professor correct and why?

Answer 25

Yes, because most existing tasks do not capture every known EF.

Question 26

An operational definition of EFs describes how...

Answer 26

we measure or assess the EFs.

Question 27

Briefly define executive functions and give an example of how you are using them to complete this quiz.

Answer 27

EFs: an ability to control one's thoughts/behaviors regarding attaining of a goal. - goal is to do well on the quiz so I have been inhibiting distractors in the room to focus.

Question 28

Dr. Bailey wants to examine the effect of caffeine on EFs in college students. She can only have participants complete two tasks. Pick any TWO of the tasks we discussed in class and briefly describe what the participant must do in that task AND b) identify one EF that the task measures (e.g., shifting, inhibition, sequencing, goal maintenance, etc.).

Answer 28

1: Tower of Hanoi (participant must move all disks from first peg to the 3rd following rules, like the disk must never be smaller than the one above it-- sequencing) 2: Stroop (participant must inhibit reading of the words and say the font colors during the test--- inhibition)

Question 29

Which of the following descriptions best reflects the findings of Furley & Schweizer (2014)? A. Non-athletes were more accurate at estimating game score based on the athletes' body language. B. All participants were reasonably accurate at estimating the game score based on body language. C. Children were more accurate than adults at estimating the game score based on body language. D. Experienced athletes were more accurate at estimating the game score based on body language.

Answer 29

B. All participants were reasonably accurate at estimating the game score based on body language.

Question 30

One difference between a fake and genuine smile is that a fake smile only involves contraction of the....

Answer 30

zygomaticus.

Question 31

Roxana suffered a stroke in her right hemisphere. She is finding it difficult to perceive and interpret emotion in her daughter's face. Which area of her right hemisphere was most likely impacted by the stroke?

Answer 31

fusiform face area

Question 32

After a surgical procedure to severe the corpus callosum, Ari participated in a study with similar patients that found they could more accurately identify the emotion in a face when the face was displayed to their left visual field. Based on these findings, which hemisphere of Ari's brain is identifying emotion?

Answer 32

right

Question 33

Wyatt had a particularly devastating case of meningitis that has drastically altered his behavior. He eats indiscriminately, explores non-edible objects with his mouth, shows abnormal emotional responses, and displays hypersexual behavior. Which area of the brain was most likely damaged by the meningitis?

Answer 33

amygdala

Question 34

Emery underwent a surgical procedure that severed the connections between their prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. With which of these tasks are they most likely to struggle? A.Drinking a cup of coffee. B. Watching a thunderstorm. C. Planning a birthday party. D. Hiking a familiar trail. The procedure Emery experienced is called a performed in the US despite little evidence supporting their validity as a treatment.

Answer 34

C. Planning a birthday party. frontal lobotomy

Question 35

The _____ influences our autonomic arousal to emotional stimuli, while the ________ helps us select appropriate behaviors.

Answer 35

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Question 36

Thanos severely injures several people to reach his goal of collecting all the Infinity Stones. Thanos' behavior in this case is an example of ________ aggression

Answer 36

instrumental

Question 37

If using aggression to achieve goals is a common pattern of behavior for Thanos (i.e., he has psychopathic tendencies), then which brain areas might be dysfunctional (assuming his brain is like a human's)?

Answer 37

amygdala and vmPFC

Question 38

Groot has played several hours of violent video games a day for many years. If we were to show Groot violent and nonviolent images while recording his brain activity with ERPs, we may find if we also asked Groot to determine whether there was an emotional face in a crowd of neutral faces while recording his brain activity with ERPS, we may find that the amplitude of the ERPS would be

Answer 38

a reduced P300 to violent images. reduced for happy faces

Question 39

The Hulk is getting angry (and you wouldn't like him when he's angry). You suggest he eat a Snickers/Why might your suggestion be good advice for calming his anger?

Answer 39

low glucose levels are associated with aggressive behavior; eating can raise glucose

Question 40

Which of the following findings is NOT evidence of a right hemisphere advantage for processing social information? A. Better recognition of emotional expressions in left visual field B. Better recognition of emotional tone in left ear C. Better recognition of emotional expressions in the left eye D. Greater activation of the fusiform face area in the right hemisphere

Answer 40

C. Better recognition of emotional expressions in the left eye

Question 41

You meet a social cognitive neuroscientist at a bar. You have some time on your hands, so you ask about their research. Which of the following is least likely to be the title of their most recent paper? A. Brain connectivity reflects human aesthetic responses to music B Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. and voodoo doll task. C. Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love D. The role of task-irrelevant information in congruency sequence effects

Answer 41

D. The role of task-irrelevant information in congruency sequence effects

Question 42

Shows larger amplitude for racially biased errors on the WIT.

Answer 42

ERN

Question 43

Shows smaller amplitude for violent images among video game players.

Answer 43

P300

Question 44

Selects appropriate actions based on reinforcement expectancy.

Answer 44

vmPFC

Question 45

Lower levels associated with greater aggression on the CRT

Answer 45

glucose

Question 46

Involved in stimulus reinforcement learning.

Answer 46

amygdala

Question 47

Anita's 74-year-old mother struggles to remember names of familiar objects. Some days she does not recognize Anita at all and other times she calls her "Kathy (Anita's sister). She cannot perform basic tasks because she forgets important steps. Anita's mother is showing signs of

Answer 47

dementia

Question 48

HM had a radical surgery to remove the hippocampus to stop his epileptic seizures. Consequently, he could not form explicit memories of new events post-surgery. HM's symptoms are an example of

Answer 48

anterograde amnesia.

Question 49

A professional quarterback completes a pass to the receiver. Which type of memory did they use?

Answer 49

procedural

Question 50

At your 20-year college reunion, you vividly recount where you were when you learned that OWU was going remote in March 2020. What a zany time! Which type of memory did you rely on?

Answer 50

episodic

Question 51

A researcher shows participants words, like "sports" and "flowers" very quickly followed by a male or female name. The participant must decide if the name was male or female. If they respond more quickly to the name Sarah after seeing the word "flowers", then they have demonstrated a type of memory called

Answer 51

priming.

Question 52

Your significant other was telling you a story, while you were watching TV. Later, you realize you have no idea what they told you. Which stage of memory most likely failed in this scenario?

Answer 52

encoding

Question 53

You read a question on this quiz. The answers look familiar, and you know you studied the topic, but you can't quite recognize the correct answer now. Which stage of memory most likely failed in this scenario?

Answer 53

retrieval

Question 54

You are creating a new animal model of Alzheimer's Disease. What molecular changes would you want to ensure that your model had?

Answer 54

Amyloid plaques, tau tangles

Question 55

The neural pathways for implicit and explicit memory are different in several ways. Which difference might help explain why implicit memory is typically unconscious?

Answer 55

Its pathways are unidirectional.

Question 56

You are chased by a bear in the woods. The strength of your memory for this event later is partly due to greater activation of the ________ during fear.

Answer 56

amygdala

Question 57

You correctly identify an object you've seen before. This type of explicit memory is supported by the...

Answer 57

perirhinal cortex

Question 58

You have a "cognitive map" of campus that allows you to navigate that environment. This type of explicit memory is supported by the

Answer 58

parahippocampal cortex

Question 59

In a parking lot of cars, you recognize your car as your own, despite similar looking objects. That sense of familiarity comes from the

Answer 59

entorhinal cortex

Question 60

Dr. Bailey checks the Crumbl menu weekly even though she is trying to reduce sugar in her diet. She must inhibit the urge to eat a cookie to achieve her goal. Which area of her brain monitors that conflict?

Answer 60

anterior cingulate

Question 61

A professional quarterback completes a pass to the receiver. Which area of the brain was most involved in the memory of how to do that?

Answer 61

basal ganglia

Question 62

Which of the following brain areas is NOT likely to play an important role in encoding? A. brainstem B. medial temporal lobes C. hippocampus D. sensory cortices

Answer 62

A. brainstem

Question 63

The nature of long-term memory storage has been challenging to study because it is difficult to separate it from A. encoding. B. retrieval. C. both A & B D. neither A or B

Answer 63

C. both A & B

Question 64

Dr. Hall designed a study of long-term memory that measured how much time it took participants to get their performance back to a previously acquired level. This approach to measuring memory is called

Answer 64

relearning.

Question 65

Dr. Bailey felt bad about having to miss class last week, so she decided to only use multiple-choice questions on the quiz. This approach to measuring memory is called_________ and often feels easier because it provides ________ cues.

Answer 65

recognition; more

Question 66

Research repeatedly finds that performance suffers when we divide our attention illustrating that it is

Answer 66

limited

Question 67

While you study in the library, rain pounds the windows, someone clicks their pen incessantly, and a couple has a whisper argument a few feet away. You can tune these stimuli out because attention is

Answer 67

selective

Question 68

Babies have orienting reflexes, like startle to a loud noise, demonstrating that human attention is

Answer 68

basic

Question 69

A patient arrives at a hospital unconscious after an injury to the brainstem. Doctors stabilize the patient, but they remain in a coma. Which area was most likely damaged?

Answer 69

Reticular activating system

Question 70

Researchers find that direct stimulation of the midbrain nuclei increases overall activity levels in the cortex. This suggests that which neurotransmitter is causally involved in maintaining arousal?

Answer 70

acetylcholine

Question 71

Playing action video games associated with a decrease in which category of attention?

Answer 71

sustained

Question 72

Researchers are examining the role of norepinephrine in attention. Which categories of attention could they be studying?

Answer 72

arousal and sustained

Question 73

You have not noticed anything happening outside your room because you are selectively focused on your notes. Suddenly, loud screeching in the hallway shakes you from your thoughts. This illustrates

Answer 73

bottom-up selection (environment stimuli- surprise)

Question 74

You go to the grocery store near Easter and there are colorful displays of candy, eggs, and other fun treats everywhere, but you've been trying to reduce your sugar intake. You stroll past the holiday candy unphased thanks to

Answer 74

top-down selection (goal)

Question 75

The debate over when attentional selection occurs was resolved when the ______ ERP component representing early selection and the ______ ERP component representing late selection were identified.

Answer 75

N1; P3

Question 76

A patient has damaged their superior parietal lobe (SPL). what aspect of selective attention is most likely to be affected?

Answer 76

shifting attention

Question 77

Selective attention relies on an extensive network of brain areas. Which of the following areas is the least likely to be involved in selective attention? A. anterior cingulate B. prefrontal cortex C. basal forebrain D. inferior parietal lobe

Answer 77

C. basal forebrain

Question 78

A patient has damaged their lateral prefrontal cortex. What aspect of selective attention is most likely to be affected?

Answer 78

setting goals and intentions

Question 79

Using TMS, researchers demonstrated that inhibition of the right _____ causes change blindness.

Answer 79

posterior parietal cortex

Question 80

inattentional blindness is associated with less activity in the

Answer 80

visual cortex

Question 81

which of the following neurological differences is NOT associated with an ADHD diagnosis? A. decreased cortical activity B. less cortical volume C. lower dopamine levels D. slower cortical maturation

Answer 81

A. decreased cortical activity

Question 82

What is feature integration theory?

Answer 82

when there are more features to process and connect, it takes more time. this is normal, not a deficit

Question 83

It is 8am and I form the intention (goal) to drink a cup of coffee using my...

Answer 83

prefrontal cortex

Question 84

my motor cortex will execute the selected action to grasp and move the cup, producing the specific movement in my limbs via the _____ corticospinal tract

Answer 84

lateral

Question 85

the motor neurons from the ________ division of y spinal cord will innervate the muscles in my arms and hands.

Answer 85

cervical

Question 86

the sensory receptors in my fingers and hands will send a message to the ______ cortex saying the cup has been grasped.

Answer 86

somatosensory

Question 87

the ________ would be responsible for helping me judge the grasp force necessary to pick up the cup without breaking or dropping it.

Answer 87

basal ganglia

Question 88

If i needed to increase the movement or grass force on a cup, then the _______ pathway of the BG would need to be more active.

Answer 88

direct

Question 89

in the pathway (the one that increases movement), the caudate/putamen inhibit the ______, which disinhibits the _________, allowing it to excite the cortex.

Answer 89

GPi; thalamus

Question 90

The _______ pathway of the BG would be more active if I needed to decrease my movement or grasp force on the cup.

Answer 90

indirect

Question 91

In the _________ pathway (the one that decreases movement), the caudate/putamen inhibit the ______, which disinhibits the _______, allowing it to excite the GPi, ultimately inhibiting the thalamus and cortex.

Answer 91

indirect; GPe; subthalamic nucleus

Question 92

When I try to grasp the cup, my movements are jerky, random and difficult to control. I see a doctor about this, and they find degeneration of neurons in my caudate and putamen. what disorder is this characteristic of?

Answer 92

Huntington's

Question 93

If instead of uncontrolled movements, I displayed show rigid movements and the doctor found degeneration of neurons in my substantia nigra, what disorder would I have?

Answer 93

Parkinson's

Question 94

During the process of drinking coffee, what steps require conscious awareness?

Answer 94

forming the intention

Question 95

How does the cerebellum contribute to your increased accuracy when throwing darts?

Answer 95

the cerebellum does motor correction and judges how well the movement worked towards a goal based on its copy of instructions from the cortex. It gives the cortex feedback to improve the dart throwing.