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Psychology 1A > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Learning

A

A lasting change in behaviour that is the result of experience

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2
Q

Priming

A

The enhanced ability to identify objects or words through previous exposure to information related to object

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3
Q

Habituation

A

The decline of an organisms response to a stimuli

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4
Q

Dishabituation

A

increase in response caused by a change in
something familiar

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

when a stimulus evokes
a response because of
being paired with a stimulus
that naturally evokes a response

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Naturally occurring stimulus that evokes a natural response/ unconditioned response (UR)

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7
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Naturally occurring response to a US

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

a stimulus that is original neutral but can be conditioned into producing a response by pairing with a (US)

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

a response to a CS produced by pairing it with a US

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10
Q

Biological preparedness

A

the idea that organisms are biologically predisposed to quickly learning associations between stimuli, responses, and reinforcers

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance

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12
Q

Second order conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus serves to condition another stimulus

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13
Q

Extinction

A

decrease of conditioned response when US
is absent over time

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the return of previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

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15
Q

Generalisation gradient

A

The response to a similar stimulant

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16
Q

Backward pairing

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (us) presented before the neutral Stimulus (ns)

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17
Q

Simultaneous pairing

A

Conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned Stimulus at the same time

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18
Q

Forward pairing

A

Conditioned stimulus paired before the unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Taste aversion

A

conditioning of an unrelated association to another thing, after bad experience. E.g. being sick after eating food due to unrelated reasons

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20
Q

One trial learning

A

Conditioning usually takes repeated attempts, some things don’t, e.g taste aversion

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21
Q

Cognition

A

mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses

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22
Q

Multi-store model

A

The flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)

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23
Q

Sensory stores

A

Sensory memories are stored for a few seconds at most. They are a short recording of the sensation of the senses

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24
Q

Short-term memory

A

the memory system in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time

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25
Long-term memory
Unlimited storage of information for long periods of time
26
Serial position effect
the tendency to recall the first and last items in a series best and the middle items the worst
27
Primacy effect
A cognitive bias. The tendency to better remember the first piece of information over information received later
28
Recency effect
The tendency to remember the most recently presented information best
29
Amnesia
Significant memory loss
30
Working memory
A cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily
31
Central executive
Responsible for controlled processing in working memory, e.g. directing attention, maintaining task goals, decision making, and memory retrieval
32
Phonological loop
component of working memory that deals with auditory information
33
Visuospatial sketchpad
component of working memory that deals with visual and spatial information
34
Episodic buffer
a temporal storage for information in the working memory
35
Implicit memory
the information that we unintentionally memorise and cannot consciously bring into awareness
36
Procedure memory
an implicit long-term memory that is involved in the performance of different actions and skills (motor skills)
37
Priming
Exposure to a certain stimulus influences the response to a subsequent prompt without any awareness of the connection.
38
Explicit Memory
The conscious and intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences and concepts
39
Semantic memory
General world knowledge in our explicit memory, such as concepts and facts.
40
Episodic memory
Memory for events in a particular time and place.
41
Levels of Processing theory
The level of attention and perception determine how well information is encoded
42
Memory Consolidation
time dependent process by which recent STM is transformed into LTM
43
Transience
Accessibility of memory decreases over time
44
Blocking
Access to memory information temporarily blocked
45
Cue-dependent forgetting
The failure to recall information without memory cues
46
Context-dependent memory
the recall of a memory is stronger when the subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed
47
State-dependent memory
The phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when the subject is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
48
Encoding Specificity Principle
The general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories. Memories are linked to the context in which they are created
49
Errors of commission
The adoption of incorrect details into existing memories and the creation of completely new, wholly false, memories.
50
Reconstruction vs Reproduction in memory
Reconstructive memory uses stored information to construct a belief about a past experience while reproductive memory stores encoded information to be retrieved at a later time.
51
Source confusion
A type of memory error in which a source is misattributed to a different source
52
Cryptomnesia
Misattribution of information An external source is mistaken as internal
53
DRM paradigm
A false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words at encoding and after a delay are asked to recall or recognise these words. While doing this they usually additionally name a critical lure word that was not named but is closely related to the words presented
54
Suggestibility
tendency to incorporate information provided by others into own recollection of event
55
Reconsolidation
the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of a memory
56
Bias
Distortion of recollections of previous experiences influenced by present knowledge, beliefs & feelings
57
Law of effect
Behaviours followed by satisfying effect are more likely to be repeated than behaviours followed by a dissatisfying effect (Thorndike)
58
Operant Conditioning
Learning through reinforcement and punishment
59
Reinforcement (Positive and Negative)
to increase behaviour Positive: add something to increase the likelihood of a behaviour Negative: remove something to increase the likelihood of a behaviour
60
Punishment (Positive and Negative)
to decrease behaviour: Positive: add something to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour Negative: remove something to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour
61
Primary Reinforcers
innate and a biological need to motivate a behaviour (basic survival needs)
62
Secondary reinforcers
things to motivate behaviour that are learned/ conditioned
63
Shaping
A method of increasing a targeted behaviour through reinforcement in a process of successive approximation
64
Contingency
the extent to which one thing reduces uncertainty about another
65
Continuous reinforcement
after every behaviour action is reinforced
66
Partial/intermittent reinforcement
irregular reinforcement of behaviour
67
Fixed Interval reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals
68
Variable Interval reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals
69
Fixed Ratio reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses
70
Variable Ratio reinforcement
Reinforcement delivered after an unpredictable number of responses
71
Latent learning
The subconscious learning of information without reinforcement or motivation
72
cognitive maps
sub-conscious learning of surrounding environment
73
over-justification effect
loss of intrinsic motivation for behaviour that are learned through reinforcement and punishment
74
Observational learning
Learning that takes place by watching the actions of others
75
Social learning theory
the philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation and modeling
76
Live models
An instructor acting out the behaviour
77
Verbal models
Someone explaining the behaviour
78
Symbolic model
Real or fictional characters acting out the behaviour
79
Vicarious reinforcement/punishment
Certain behaviours increase/decrease as a result of observing others rewarded/punished for the same behaviours
80
Self-efficacy
a person's belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific performance attainments
81
Stereotype threat
A social predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group
82
Telegraphic speech
two word sentences
83
High amplitude sucking
higher sucking in infants at hearing phonemes or sounds that are different or new to them
84
Over regulation
A child applies grammatical rules on to non regular words
85
Overextension
Refer to superordinate of a category with the word of one of its subordinates
86
Under extension
a child does not use a word for enough particular cases.
87
Fast mapping
Ability to acquire words rapidly on a basis of minimal information
88
Nativism
Humans are born with acquisition device - have an innate universal grammar
89
Social constructivism
Learning of language is governed by adults' positive reinforcement
90
LAD
Language Acquisition Device - hypothetical tool in the human brain that lets children learn and understand language quickly (developed by Chomsky)
91
LASS
Language acquisition support system - adults and older children have learning devices that interact with childrens LAD
92
Universal grammar
the idea that human languages share some fundamental similarities and that these are innate principles unique to language
93
Critical period
Period during which child has to be exposed to language
94
Sensitive period
period of maximal sensitivity for language acquisition
95
Simultaneous/sequential bilingual
Sequential bilingualism: learning first one language and then another simultaneous: learning two languages at the same time
96
manual babbling
A stage in child development for def children learning sign language, mirroring spoken language acquisition
97
Linguistic determinism
the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought
98
Linguistic relativity
weak version of linguistic determinism, language may affect the way we think and perceive
99
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
a hypothesis first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorisation of experience
100
Frame of reference (relative, absolute, intrinsic)
How we perceive the world around us determined by our language 1. Relative to us other objects (English) 2. Absolute to environment, e.g. north, south (Arrernte) 3. intrinsic, defined through relation to another part of an object

Psychology 1A (3 decks)

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