Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent/stable change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 2

Types of Learning

Answer 2

1) Classical Conditioning
2) Instrumental Conditioning (Operant)
3) Observational Learning/Modeling

Question 3

E.L. Thorndike - Law of Effect

Answer 3

Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn’t bring them a reward

Question 4

Kurt Lewin - Association

Answer 4

Grouping things together based on the fact they occur together in time and space (i.e. certain cues -> certain behaviors -> certain rewards)

Question 5

Pavlov - Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimulus –> Unconditioned Response

Conditioned Stimulus –> Conditioned Response

Question 6

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 6

UCS and CS are presented at the same time

Question 7

Higher Order/2nd Order Conditioning

Answer 7

Previous CS becomes the UCS and a new stimulus becomes the new CS

Question 8

Delay Conditioning

Answer 8

Present a CS (light) before the UCS (food) and the CS is present until the UCS appears (purpose is to learn to control the conditioned response)

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

Influencing responses through various reinforcement strategies (we do what rewards us and do not do what doesn’t)

Question 10

Shaping

Answer 10

Rewarding behaviors that bring you closer to the actual behavior you want to succeed at (i.e. walking to the front of the room freshman year in PYSC101)

Question 11

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 11

Rewarding to increase likelihood of behavior

Question 12

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 12

Taking away something negative from the situation to encourage and increase likelihood of behavior

Question 13

Punishment

Answer 13

Introducing a negative event to stop someone behaving in a particular way

Question 14

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 14

Every correct response is given some sort of reinforcement; quickest learning but most fragile (i.e. giving autistic kid snack when he gets a correct answer)

Question 15

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 15

Not all correct responses are met with reinforcement; more resistant to extinction

1) Fixed ratio schedule (ex. after every 3 correct)
2) Variable ratio schedule (ex. after every 2 correct, then 5, then 3)
3) Fixed interval schedule (ex. after every 2 minutes)
4) Variable interval schedule (ex. after every 2 minutes, then 5 minutes, then 3 minutes)

Question 16

State Dependent Learning

Answer 16

What a person learns in one state will be best recalled in that state

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

The need to disassociate behavior from a particular cue or withhold reinforcement for a behavior

Question 18

Language

Answer 18

Meaningful arrangements of sounds

Question 19

Phonemes

Answer 19

Discrete sounds that make up words but carry no meaning (ee, p, sh)

Question 20

Morphemes

Answer 20

Made up of phonemes; smallest unit of meaning in language (-ing or boy)

Question 21

Phrases

Answer 21

Groups of words that, when put together, function as a single syntactic part of a sentence

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

Arrangements of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language

Question 23

Conntations

Answer 23

Implied meanings

Question 24

Telegraphic speech

Answer 24

Speech without articles or extras (“me go”)

Question 25

Holophrastic speech

Answer 25

Child uses one word to convey whole sentence ("me" = "give that to me"

Question 26

Memory

Answer 26

How things are remembered and why things are forgotten

Question 27

Types of Memory

Answer 27

1) Sensory 2) Working 3) Long Term

Question 28

Sensory Memory

Answer 28

Lasts for only a few seconds; people can see more than they can remember

Question 29

Working Memory

Answer 29

Temporary memory that is needed to perform the task being worked on in the moment

Question 30

Proactive Interference

Answer 30

Old information prevents new information from being remembered

Question 31

Retroactive Interference

Answer 31

New information prevents old information from being remembered

Question 32

Long Term Memory

Answer 32

Permanent retention; 3 phases 1) Recognition -> recognize things learned in past 2) Recall -> free and cued; need to generate info on their own 3) Savings -> how much info about a topic remains in LTM by assessing how long it take to learn something the 2nd time as opposed to the first

Question 33

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 33

Material is more likely to be remembered if retrieved in some context it was stored in

Question 34

Episodic Memory

Answer 34

details, events, episodes

Question 35

Semantic Memory

Answer 35

general knowledge

Question 36

Procedural Memory

Answer 36

"how to" do something

Question 37

Declarative Memory

Answer 37

Knowing a fact

Question 38

Explicit Memory

Answer 38

Consciously aware of knowing something

Question 39

Implicit Memory

Answer 39

Knowing something without being aware of knowing it