Cognitive Psychology Final Flashcards by Lacinda Martin

Assume that unvoiced sounds have a 60-ms voice-onset time (VOT), and voiced sounds have a 0-ms VOT. Participants in an experiment would be LEAST likely to hear the difference between a 10-ms VOT and a

0-ms VOT

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“The dog attacked the mailman.” “The mailman was attacked by the dog.” Which of the following is TRUE about these two sentences?

A. They have the same meaning.

B. They are recognized with equal speed.

C. They have the same surface structure.

D. The second is a garden-path sentence.

A. They have the same meaning.

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Children’s overregularization production errors

A. are evidence that speech is learned imitatively.

B. seem to be caused by an understanding of rules.

C.are extremely rare.

D.are evidence that speech is learned through a reliance on parental feedback.

B. seem to be caused by an understanding of rules.

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What would be an example of a speech error that most directly shows the effect of an incorrect morpheme choice?

A. I well wish you on your journey.

B. I have classifying many different species on plants.

C. I picked up on the way to class a newspaper.

D. Sally shells shesells by the shesore.

B. I have classifying many different species on plants

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_______ rules allow us to generate a sentence’s ultimate meaning.

A. Phrase structure

B. Movement

C. Prosodic

D. Morphological

A. Phrase structure

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Which of the following is NOT a morpheme?

the word

“

sing

”

the letter

“

-s

”

the word

“

wish

”

a noun phrase

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Which is the voiced labiodental phoneme?

[b]

[f]

[v]

[d]

[v]

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Consider the speech of the following two patients. Patient A: “I . . . w-w-w- . . . went . . . um . . . th.” Patient B: “Then, the zoo did very wildly to him, and before all he then did again to her. It did too him and her and them and all from here.” Patient A probably suffers from damage to _______ resulting in a _______ aphasia. Patient B probably suffers from damage to _______ resulting in a _______ aphasia.

A. Broca’s area, fluent; Wernicke’s area, nonfluent

B. Wernicke’s area, fluent; Broca’s area, nonfluent

C. Broca’s area, nonfluent; Wernicke’s area, fluent

D. Wernicke’s area, nonfluent; Broca’s area, fluent

Broca’s area, nonfluent; Wernicke’s area, fluent

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Which of the following statements about generativity is FALSE?

A. It often relies on unconscious knowledge.

B. Morphemes can be added to words in any order.

C. It decreases the amount of memorization needed to learn a language.

D. There is no known limit to the number of new words that can be added to a language.

Morphemes can be added to words in any order.

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Brain damage producing a disruption in language is called

amnesia.

aphasia.

agnosia.

apraxia.

aphasia.

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Phrase structure rules help explain all of the following EXCEPT why

“

I eat did yesterday

”

is ungrammatical.

in the sentence,

“

The hungry cow mooed,

”

there is a natural break between cow and

“

mooed.

”

certain sentences can be interpreted in multiple ways.

English-speaking children first learning to speak know more nouns than verbs.

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Categorical perception can explain

why we more easily detect differences between two phonemic categories than variations within a single category.

why we sometimes confuse phonemes when in a noisy environment.

how we identify spaces between words in a continuous speech stream.

why certain phoneme combinations are difficult for English speakers to pronounce.

why we more easily detect differences between two phonemic categories than variations within a single category.

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What is the LEAST accurate statement about linguistic universals?

A. Many of them concern features of language that tend to occur together.

B. They provide an argument against the necessity of an innate language device.

C. They are often probabilistic rather than absolute rules.

D. Though there are many similarities across languages, there are also many differences.

They provide an argument against the necessity of an innate language device.

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Given the current evidence, what is the most likely impact of language on thought?

One’s language determines one’s thought.

One’s language has no impact on one’s thought.

One’s language has a permanent impact on one’s thought.

One’s language impacts one’s thought indirectly by impacting memory and attention.

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Images that are more detailed take longer to recall than those that are less detailed. This is evidence AGAINST the claim that

imagery helps memory.

information that is dual-coded is remembered better.

complete mental images are stored in long-term memory.

long-term memory is precise.

complete mental images are stored in long-term memory.

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Most behavioral and neuroimaging data suggest that

visualizing is identical to perceiving.

visualizing and perceiving draw on similar mechanisms.

visualizing and perceiving, although similar in behavior, rely on different underlying mechanisms.

visualizing is nothing like perceiving.

visualizing and perceiving draw on similar mechanisms.

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When remembering pictures, people tend to

remember more of the expected items than the unexpected items.

initially spend more time looking at the expected items than the unexpected items.

notice changes in the expected items more readily than in the unexpected items.

draw the images afterward as if it they were further zoomed out than they actually were.

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Participants are asked to form mental images of ambiguous pictures that were viewed earlier. When asked to reinterpret their image, they _______. When asked to draw the image on paper and then reinterpret it, they ______.

fail; fail

succeed; succeed

fail; succeed

succeed; fail

fail; succeed

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UNLIKE pictures, mental images are

neutral depictions.

organized depictions.

often unambiguous.

visual.

organized depictions.

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Which of the following does NOT support the claim that mental images are stored in long-term memory by a propositional “recipe” for how to construct the image?

Images with more parts take more time to create.

Images that are easier to describe are easier to remember.

People are able to control how detailed they want an image to be.

Words that are easier to picture are easier to remember.

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Which of the following does NOT accurately represent the results of studies of visual imagery?

The more distance one has to scan across in a mental image, the longer it takes.

The more one has to zoom in on a mental image, the longer it takes.

The most prominent features of a visual image are the ones conceptually associated with its subject.

People are able to mentally rotate things in a three-dimensional plane.

The most prominent features of a visual image are the ones conceptually associated with its subject.

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Which of the following is NOT evidence that some forms of imagery are spatial and not visual?

Blind people can complete mental-rotation experiments as quickly and accurately as sighted people.

There is no interference when people are asked to judge the brightness of a light while making a mental-rotation decision.

Patients who have lost the ability to detect color in perception also fail to see color in their images.

Patients such as L.H. may perform well on spatial imagery tasks but fail on visual imagery tasks.

Patients who have lost the ability to detect color in perception also fail to see color in their images.

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Which of the following scenarios would produce the MOST severe interference effects?

imagining a picture rotated by 75 degrees while listening to a symphony

detecting a flash of blue light while imagining rotating a box by 75 degrees

identifying the direction of a moving dot while imagining rotating a box by 75 degrees

detecting a sound beep while imagining rotating a box by 75 degrees

identifying the direction of a moving dot while imagining rotating a box by 75 degrees

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The fact that speakers of languages with more color words perform better on color-recall tasks may be evidence for linguistic relativism. Alternatively,

learning words for colors changes the way one thinks about colors.

having a label allows a color to be stored propositionally as well as visually.

cultures with better color recall tend to invent more color words.

color terms are stored as visual representations.

having a label allows a color to be stored propositionally as well as visually.

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In which mental-imaging experiment would "vivid imagers" outperform "nonimagers"? a mental two-point acuity task in which participants are asked to indicate when two imagined dots in the center of their field of vision merge a mental-rotation experiment in which participants are asked whether one object can be rotated to look identical to another object an image-scanning experiment in which participants are asked to mentally scan from the back to the front of the image and then press a button an interference experiment in which participants are asked to detect a moving dot while imagining rotating a box by 75 degrees

a mental two-point acuity task in which participants are asked to indicate when two imagined dots in the center of their field of vision merge

The primacy and recency effects in serial-picture recall suggest that memory for pictures is propositional. memory is a dual-code system. pictorial memory has key properties in common with other types of memory. schemata guide the way pictures are remembered.

pictorial memory has key properties in common with other types of memory.

Jayne can view a picture for 30 seconds and then accurately answer detailed questions about the picture (e.g., the number of stripes on a cat’s tail). Jayne likely has a(n) eidetic memory visual agnosia lesion in V1 spatial memory deficit

eidetic memory

Which of the following is the most likely to be impaired in people (such as L.H.) who have a disrupted ability to make judgments about color? tasks that require image scanning, as opposed to mental rotation tasks that require visual imagery, as opposed to spatial imagery tasks that require mental rotation, as opposed to image scanning tasks that require spatial imagery, as opposed to visual imagery

tasks that require visual imagery, as opposed to spatial imagery

In a 1970 study by Segal and Fusella, participants tried to detect faint symbols (either visual or auditory) while forming a mental image (either visual or auditory). What were the results? A visual image facilitated the detection of a visual stimulus and an auditory image did the same for an auditory stimulus. Either type of image equally facilitated the detection of either type of stimulus. Either type of image interfered with the detection of either type of stimulus. A visual image interfered with the detection of a visual stimulus, and an auditory image did the same for an auditory stimulus.

A visual image interfered with the detection of a visual stimulus, and an auditory image did the same for an auditory stimulus.

The text describes one study in which some participants were asked to come up with 6 examples of times when they had been assertive in the past and others were asked to come up with 12 examples. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? Most participants were unable to come up with more than two or three examples of times when they had been assertive. Participants who were asked to come up with fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive. Both groups’ estimates depended entirely on their personal histories. Participants who were asked to come up with more examples judged themselves to be more assertive.

Participants who were asked to come up with fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive.

Which of the following is the BEST definition of "induction"? a process in which you make specific claims on the basis of previous, general knowledge assessments of how frequently various events have happened in the past a reasoning process by which you make suitable adjustments to an anchor estimate a process in which you draw general conclusions from specific facts or observations

a process in which you draw general conclusions from specific facts or observations

Decisions based on utility calculations should make us vulnerable to external manipulations. be immune to framing effects. lead to self-contradictions. be most likely to be made in situations involving questions of morality.

be immune to framing effects.

Participants were MOST likely to correctly guess the rule behind a series of numbers if they remembered incorrect guesses as almost correct instead of wrong. focused on providing support for their own theories. asked questions that could disconfirm their theories. carefully scrutinized disconfirming evidence for flaws and inconsistencies.

asked questions that could disconfirm their theories.

Participants were presented with an example of a newly discovered bird, a newly discovered element, or a member of a newly discovered island culture. When asked to generalize about these categories, participants agreed that all members of the island culture were obese, after seeing a single example. participants disagreed with the suggestion that because the element burned with a blue flame on one occasion, it would always burn with a blue flame. participants required several examples of the bird, all of which were blue, before agreeing that all members of the new bird species were blue. in all cases, participants tended to generalize based on seeing one example.

participants required several examples of the bird, all of which were blue, before agreeing that all members of the new bird species were blue.

Errors in reasoning about conditional statements are LESS common when the conclusions diverge from one’s prior beliefs. Incorrect Response problems are abstract rather than concrete. the problems involve negatives. the problems are concrete rather than abstract.

the problems are concrete rather than abstract.

Participants are presented with a hypothetical description of two parents in a child-custody case. One parent has moderate traits, while the other has some positive and some negative traits. When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose the parent with moderate traits. the parent with both positive and negative traits. either parent, because the positive and negative traits will, in effect, cancel each other out. neither parent, because the choice is too confusing.

the parent with both positive and negative traits

With regard to the "man who" arguments described by Nisbett and Ross (1980), we make these arguments because of our assumption that categories are heterogeneous. they are not sound even when the whole they reflect our willingness to take a small sample of data as seriously as a larger sample. we make these arguments because we extrapolate from what we know of an entire set to a single case.

they reflect our willingness to take a small sample of data as seriously as a larger sample.

Which of the following is FALSE about statistical training? A single training session of less than an hour improves judgment. Training makes us more likely to use the representative heuristic. A course in statistics can improve judgment even in tasks not connected to the course. Training probably helps by allowing us to trigger System 2 thinking more easily.

Training makes us more likely to use the representative heuristic.

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the illusory covariations found in studies of how people interpret (real or simulated) Rorschach responses? Undergraduate students with no prior training perceived illusory covariations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics. Professionals with training and experience perceived illusory covariations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics. The illusory covariations perceived by untrained undergraduate participants were identical to those perceived by professional clinicians. There were objective correlations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics.

There were objective correlations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics.

In a game where one chooses cards from either a high-risk or low-risk stack, participants with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex chose cards from the low-risk stack. behaved the same as participants without brain damage. displayed an emotional response only after turning over a card. correctly assessed the risk but found it exciting rather than aversive.

displayed an emotional response only after turning over a card.

People are often selective in how they search memory for evidence. As a result, they usually search memory for evidence that might challenge their current beliefs. for evidence that might confirm their current beliefs. looking only for recently acquired evidence. looking only for self-flattering evidence.

for evidence that might confirm their current beliefs.

Utility theory seems implausible as a(n) _______ theory of decision making and, for many people, it is morally unacceptable as a(n) _______ theory of decision making. descriptive; normative normative; descriptive inductive; deductive deductive; inductive

normative; descriptive

Why does statistical training have an effect on judgment and reasoning? It causes System 2 to develop, which we can then use. It makes it easier to for us trigger System 2. It shows us how effective heuristics are. It causes us to use System 2 for all problems.

It makes it easier to for us trigger System 2.

The water-jar problem, in which participants are given three jars of different sizes and must use those jars to come up with a certain volume of water, has been used to demonstrate functional fixedness. incubation. working backward. Einstellung.

Einstellung.

Regarding the use of analogies in problem solving, students taught new information via analogy were better able to make inferences from that information than other students. explicit hints about useful analogies are not beneficial to problem solvers. people spontaneously make analogies between superficially different problems. to use analogy, people must prevent themselves from mapping one situation onto another.

students taught new information via analogy were better able to make inferences from that information than other students.

Intelligence as measured by IQ is most similar in biological siblings. monozygotic twins. dizygotic twins. adoptive siblings

monozygotic twins.

In the Gick and Holyoak paradigm (1980), participants were required to solve the "tumor problem." Those who demonstrated the fastest solution times were the participants who read the "General and Fortress" solution prior to reading the "tumor problem." had encountered other problems about tumors that were unrelated to the current problem in deep structure. read the "General and Fortress" solution and were told to apply it to the "tumor problem." applied the strategy from solving the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem to the "tumor problem."

read the "General and Fortress" solution and were told to apply it to the "tumor problem."

Which of the following statements about creative thought is most likely to be true? Creative people have less need than others to locate remote associates in memory. The "aha" experience implies only that we’ve discovered a new approach to a problem, not that we’ve discovered the right solution. Incubation works by allowing people to work on a problem’s solution unconsciously until it is ready to reenter consciousness. Highly creative people have almost nothing in common with each other except luck.

The "aha" experience implies only that we’ve discovered a new approach to a problem, not that we’ve discovered the right solution.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic distinguishing experts in a particular domain from novices in that domain? Experts organize their knowledge more effectively. Experts rely more heavily on the working-backwards strategy. Experts have more automatized routines to deal with different types of problems. Experts have more knowledge than novices in their domain of expertise.

Experts rely more heavily on the working-backwards strategy.

In the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem, the ratio of Hobbits to Orcs traveling on the boat would be considered an operator. a path constraint. a goal state. an initial state.

a path constraint.

According to some current theories, information that is consciously available is considered trustworthy enough to act upon whenever one does not have brain damage. it is vivid enough to base a guess on. it involves concepts with which we are familiar. it is confirmed by multiple systems.

it is confirmed by multiple systems

Which is the clearest example of what psychologists call an action slip? Not paying attention to where you are going and tripping on the sidewalk. Not paying attention in class and doodling on your notes instead. Being distracted while driving to the mall and turning the wrong way down the street you take every day to school. Being unable to see objects because of brain damage but still being able to "guess" certain features of the objects correctly.

Being distracted while driving to the mall and turning the wrong way down the street you take every day to school.

The integration of diverse elements in the neuronal workspace is NOT necessary for the detection of conflict. comparison across the processing components. the inhibition of a habitual act. color perception.

color perception.

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of attention as discussed by the textbook? to sustain activity in various systems for prolonged scrutiny to integrate activity of different systems into a coherent whole to consolidate newly acquired memories to amplify activity within neural system

to consolidate newly acquired memories

Consciousness is a state of awareness of sensation or ideas. includes all the processes involved in our mental lives. is located entirely within the workspace neurons. is only possible when there is unlimited focused attention.

is a state of awareness of sensation or ideas.

Phenomenal consciousness refers to subjective experience. self-awareness and self-reflection. the ability to use our own knowledge. the ability to perform automatic actions when the correct triggers are present.

subjective experience.

Patients with blind sight can see large shapes and bright colors. will perform at chance when guessing whether shapes are X’s or O’s. will reach toward targets and adjust their hand position appropriately. will claim that they can visually detect information about objects.

will reach toward targets and adjust their hand position appropriately.

LANGUAGE | When we hear an [s] in "legi*latures" where the * represents a burst of noise, this is an example of

phonemic restoration effect

Every sentence must contain what two types of phrases?

a noun phrase and a verb phrase

What is a D-structure?

the underlying and abstract structure of a speaker's intended meaning in uttering a sentence.

What is it called when the correct phrase structure is not known until later in the sentence?

A garden path sentence

What kind of language impairment did Van der Lely and Pinker say a children that would present a sentence like "Who did Mrs. White saw" have?

Grammatical SLI

What did Saffron find when studying how a child knows "pretty" is a word but tuby is not?

Statistical learning, "pre" is followed by "ty" in about 80% of speech

VISUAL KNOWLEDGE | Kosslyn found that (with the fly and elephant task) that

association governs non-imagery decisions, area size governs imagery decisions

Kosslyn found in the map experiment that

mental images preserve the spatial layout and geometry of represented scene

Segal and Fusel found that

Visual interferes with visual stimuli for does not interfere with auditory

The dual coding theory argues that

High imagery words (elephant) will be doubly represented in memory, the word and the image.

JUDGEMENT If a coin is tossed 6 times, getting heads each time than what do people say will happen next?

Tails, 50:50 (representative heuristics)

The belief that your cold went away because of the medication instead of the number of days is an example of

covariation

What is type two thinking?

Thinking that is slower, effortful, and more likely to be correct

Is this valid or invalid? All P are M All S are M Therefore, all S are P

invalid

This is an example of a _____ If A is true, then B is true B is true Therefore, A is true

Conditional statement

SOLVING PROBLEMS AND INTELLIGENCE What method of problem solving is used when the current and goal state are compared and then considering strategies to reduce the difference?

Means-end analysis

Einstellung is a

collection of beliefs a person makes about a problem

What are wallas' four stages of creativity?

Preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification

The ability to deal with new and unusual problems is

fluid intelligence

A person's acquired knowledge is

crystallized intelligence

CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSIOUS In the roof top bomber experiment by Wells the participant were not aware

that the feedback was influencing their judgment, which means it must have been the unconscious

how well did patients with Korsakoff's syndrome perform implicit memory tests?

Quite normal because of unconscious processes

What is the neuronal workspace hypothesis arguing?

Workspace neurons link together the activity of specialized areas of the brain areas, this linkage makes it possible to integrate and compare different types of information

the pain of a headache is an example of?

Qualia

Greenwald explain prejudice by arguing

that implicit attitudes are judgements are automatically activated without conscious awareness

Cognitive Psychology Final Flashcards

(82 cards)