Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Termin 1 > Cognitive Psychology, Holt & Goldstein > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology, Holt & Goldstein Flashcards

1
Q

Likelihood Principle

A

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli presented to us.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Unconcious inference

A

Our perceptions are the result of unconcious inferences or assumptions of the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Good continuation

A

Points that when connected form straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pragnanz

A

“Good figure”. Law of pragnanz/ principle of good figure or principle of simplicity: Perceptual field and objects within it will take the simplest and wholefully encompassing structure within the given conditions.

SIMPLY, we perceive the simplest form structure of stimulus. Think of the olympic rings. We perceive stimulus in the simplest manner possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scene Schema

A

The knowledge of what an environment or scene typically contains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity

A

The brain is affected by the environment in such way that it changes its structures to perceive the environment more efficiently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing attention on on stimulus whilst ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Distraction

A

Stimulus processing that interferes with processing of other stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Divided attention

A

Attention alternating between stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Attentional capture

A

Attention captured by the sudden emergence of other more attractive stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Visual scanning

A

Movement of eyes between objects, scanning for information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Processing Capacity

A

How much info can be handled and processed at a given time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endo/Exogenous attention

A

Top down/bottom up induced attention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treismans Feature Integration theory

A

At preattentive stage we register features early, automatically and in parallell to each other.

At attentive stage the features are bound and represent separate objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensory memory

A

Fraction a second memory of sensoric input that continues in perception after input is gone. This is how we can perceive movies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of an experience, i.e picnic in the park with a friend a while back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory used for coordinating muscle movements, riding a bike or climbing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of facts and notions of what things are, “that is a bike”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Persistence of Vision

A

Illusionary visual perception of something that lingers after the eliciting stimulus ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory memory of images.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proactive interference

A

Information that was learned/memorized earlier inteferes with the learning of new material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New learning interferes with memory of old learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phonological similarity effect

A

Confusion of letters or words that sound similar.

24
Q

Articulatory suppression

A

Not being able to rehearse something because of interference of articulating something else verbally out loud.

25
Q

Perseveration

A

Repeating the same action even though it is not yielding the desired outcome.

26
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Specific memory storage system that integrates LTM and WM memory to create a unified memory, an episode.

27
Q

Embedded processes model of memory

A

Suggests that memory and attention are essentially the same thing. Some activation of LTM info happens, but decays quickly without attentional focus.
Agrees with Baddely’s notion that there is a storage capacity limit and a need for attention and rehearsal to prevent memory decay.

28
Q

Primacy/Recency effect

A

Remembering early and late info in a sequence is easier than info in the middle.

29
Q

Priming

A

Being presented with a stimulus (priming stimulus) affects how we respond to another stimulus.(test stimulus)

30
Q

Repetition priming

A

When priming stimulus is the same or resembles test stimulus

An implicit memory because we might not remember being presented with the priming stimulus yet our interaction with test stimulus is enhanced.

31
Q

Incidental encoding task

A

Memorizing something through task that disguises the memorization process.

32
Q

Consolidation

A

The process of transforming newly acquired memories in their fragile and more disruption-susceptible state to a consolidated, more permanent state resistant to disruption.

33
Q

Synaptic consolidation

A

The structural changes at synapses that can take minutes or hours

34
Q

Structural consolidation

A

The structural change that neural circuits undergo whilst reorganizing themselves.

35
Q

Subliminal stimulus

A

A stimulus so faint and weak that it can be sensorically received, but not consciously perceived.

36
Q

The difference threshold

A

The smallest difference that people can sense 50% of the time.

37
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The diminishing sensitivity to a constant stimulus.

38
Q

Transduction

A

The process of charactheristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses.

39
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of our body’s orientation - equilibrium

40
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Any object in the external world that reflects light

41
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

The light reflected by the distal stimulus that then excites our visual receptors.

42
Q

Umwelt

A

The small subset of the world that an animal is able to perceive.

43
Q

Auditory scene analysis

A

Analyzing a one-dimensional input that sound is and subdividing it into sound waves, meaning of sound, and localization of the sound source

44
Q

Encoding

A

How we take in and store information in memory, or simply learning

45
Q

Three stage model of memory

A

The process of memory can be divided into: sensory memory, STM/WM and LTM. The input is registered in the sensory memory that then is encoded and transfered through attention to become concious in the WM(Short-term memory). Through rehearsal we can keep the information in the STM. With further encoding it can be storaged in LTM, where it can then be retrieved for future use and thus redirected to the STM.

46
Q

Chunking

A

Combining individual units into bigger and meaningful units. Aids recall as it makes a reference to the individual units and ties them together semantically.

47
Q

Phonological loop

A

Briefly stores representation of sounds. The words we read are stored in the phonological loop, not as visual letters but as words we can read and understand.

48
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Briefly stores visual and spatial information. In the WM it’s responsibile for taking in directions and then making a cognitive map of the surroundings to reach destinations. Also for providing motor cortex for how to draw something etc.

49
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Allows for chunking of the information and thus increases storage capacity of information. Also facilitates communication with LTM in conjunction with phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, it is the integrating unit of all this information.

50
Q

Central executive

A

It delegates attention between the subunits of the WM, plans action plan for how to solve issue and controlls the sequence of these actions. Also integrates information within the episodic buffer.

51
Q

Serial-position effect

A

Depending on where in a series of items an item is found, we may be less or more prone to remember it. Easier to remember the intial information(primacy effect) as it is rehearsed and then maybe stored in LTM and then the last info is still in STM(recency effect).

52
Q

Levels of processing

A
  1. Structural encoding (physical properties)
  2. Phonological charactheristics.
  3. Semantic meaning.
  4. Visual
53
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Keeping something in memory by repeating it. “Memorization”

54
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Keeping something in memory by understanding it and elaborating on it in some way.

Can be done with hierarchical organizing, linking it to own life, finding the meaning of the information, imagery.

55
Q

Schema

A

Mental framework of a topic, that’s were we encode different input that seems to be related.

Termin 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions