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Stage 1 Psycology > Cognitive Psycology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psycology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is Memory?

A

A system that encodes, stores and retrieves information.

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2
Q

What is explicit Memory?

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

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3
Q

what is Automatic processing?

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency. Also well-learned information.

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4
Q

What is Implicit(/non-declarative) Memory?

A

Memories we don’t deliberatly remeber or reflect on consciously.

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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

Learning the information into memory.

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6
Q

What is storage?

A

Retaining information over time.

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7
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Locating and recovering information from memory. (usually through cues)

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8
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Brain takes in information from your senses. (sight, smell, sound, touch & taste)

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9
Q

What are the main three ways in which information can be encoded?

A

Visual, Acoustic and semantic.

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10
Q

What is Rehearsal?

A

Information is repeated to keep in from fading in STM?

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11
Q

What is STM?

A

Short term memory

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12
Q

What is LTM?

A

Long term memory

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13
Q

How long does STM last?

A

0-30 seconds

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14
Q

How many items can STM hold?

A

5-9 Items

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15
Q

How long does LTM last?

A

Only ever forgotten due to lack of use or interference.

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16
Q

How many items can LTM hold?

A

Unlimited

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17
Q

What is chuncking?

A

Organising items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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18
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

Implicit; where we store memory of how things are done

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19
Q

What is Declarative(/explicit) memory

A

Explicit; specific information is stored here such as facts and events

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20
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic and Semantic

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21
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Stores personal events or ‘episodes’, such as time and place

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22
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Stores general knowledge, facts, and language meanings (where all the information you ‘know’ is stored)

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23
Q

What are the two ways memory can be cued?

A

Recall and recognition

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24
Q

What is Recall?

A

A retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information (e.g. essay test, police sketch of a suspect)

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25
What is Recognition?
A retrieval method in which one must identify information that is provided, which has previously been presented (e.g. multiple choice test, police line-up)
26
What are the ways memory can fail?
Misinformation effect, Misattribution, Suggestibility and Bias
27
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
28
Misattribution
Memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person
29
Suggestibility
The process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
30
What is Bias?
Influence of personal beliefs, attitudes, and experiences on memory
31
How can we improve our memory?
Mnemonic devices, The Room, The Peg and The Story
32
Mnemonic Devices
Memory devices that help learners recall larger amounts of information, especially in the form of lists
33
Acronym for mnemonic devices
ROYGBIV
34
Acrostic Mnemonics
Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit
35
Serial Position Effect
Our tendency to best recall the last and first items in a list
36
Primary Effect
Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
37
Recency Effect
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
38
Why do we struggle to remember the words in the middle of a list?
Middle items are presented too late to be adequately rehearsed, and are too early to be held in STM without rehearsal
39
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
40
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
41
What are the two types of sensory memory?
Iconic and Echoic
42
Short Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialling, before the information is stored or forgotten
43
Long Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
44
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
45
Deep Processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
46
Explicit Processing
Involving conscious awareness that a task is being performed, and usually conscious awareness of the outcome
47
Sensory Memory
Very short lived, stores raw sensory memory
48
Short term memory
Holds information for 18-30 seconds. Capacity is 7±2 items.
49
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repetition of information to keep it in STM
50
What is priming?
Exposure to one simulus influences the response to another.
51
Recognition
Identifying information after seeing it again (example multiple choice questions)
52
Relearning
Learning something again that was previously learned (often Quicker)
53
Decay theory
Memories fade over time if they are not used or rehearsed
54
Interference theory
New or old information can interdere with the retrieval of other information.
55
Proactive Interference
Old information inteferes with new information
56
Retro active interference
new information interferes with old information
57
Motivated Forgetting
Forgetting as a result of a desire to block painful or anxiety inducing memories.
58
Context-dependent memory
The environment or context where information where information is learned con influence recall. (Example remembering a fact better in the place where you learned it)
59
State-dependent memory
recall is better when in the same pyshical or emotional state as when the information was learned.
60
Mnemonics
Memory aids like acronyms or visual imagery to help recall information.
61
Elaborative Rehearsal
Linking new information to existing knowledge
62
Spaced repetition
Reviewing information at increasing intervals to strengthen memory.
63
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store Model of Memory
Senseory Register → Short term Memory (STM) → Long term memory (LTM)
64
How does information move from sensory → STM (Atkinson-shiffrin Model)
Information moves from sensory memory to STM via attention.
65
Other information on Atkinson-shiffrin Model
STM is transferred to LTM via Rehearsal.

Stage 1 Psycology (1 decks)

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