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PSYC210 > Cognitive research in action > Flashcards

Cognitive research in action Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

introspection

A

The examination or observation of one’s own mental processes

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2
Q

Capacity limits

A

Our psychological system is limited in its ability to perform online processing of information

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3
Q

Bit

A

amount of information we need to make a decision between 2 equally likely alternatives

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4
Q

memory span

A

the longest list of items that a person can repeat back in the correct order immediately after presentation

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5
Q

Pre-attentive

A

the unconscious accumulation of information from the environment

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6
Q

Attention

A

the allocation of limited processing resources

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7
Q

input-output correlation

A

the measure of transmitted information. a small correlation between input and output suggests that there is a lot of noise in the signal

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8
Q

George Miller

A

He looked at our cognitive communication system as a system which processes information using input-output correlation. He reasoned that the human channels capacity of the magic number 7+/-2

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9
Q

Code

A

a system of words, letters or signs used to represent something

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10
Q

Four ways we use code in experiments

A
  1. we code participants’ identifiers to keep track of our data and to maintain participants’ anonymity
  2. we also code our experimental conditions
  3. we code our data from one type of value to another
  4. our speech is constructed from code
  5. the brain uses its own set of neural codes
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11
Q

subtising

A

using rapid, accurate and confident judgements of numbers. This works for small numbers of items (1 to 4)

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12
Q

How much time do we need to process each item?

A

250-350ms

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13
Q

Adaptive brain (functions)

A

Functions to regulate our thoughts, to process sensory information from the environment, to translation important information into something useful for behaviour, to remember previous behaviours, and to promote future behaviour for adaptive survival skills

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14
Q

Donalds Hebb

A

Worked with many psychologists and neurosurgeons who stimulated the brain and mapped motor pathways during brain surgery

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15
Q

John Hughlings Jackson

A

made the first brain model organisation

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16
Q

neuron

A

unit of communication

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17
Q

axon

A

end of the neuron

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18
Q

network

A

combination of neurons which could be grouped together as one processing unit

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19
Q

Hierarchy

A

organisation of brain networks in which higher processes infirm, suppress and inhibit lower ones

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20
Q

EEG

A

measures electrical activity from the scalp

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21
Q

spectral power

A

power or energy within a frequency

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22
Q

frequency bands

A

Delta: 1 - 3 Hz
Theta: 4 - 7 Hz
Alpha: 8 - 12 Hz
Beta: 13 - 30 Hz

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23
Q

tempotal resolution

A

amount of time needed to revisit and acquire data for the exact same location

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24
Q

spatial resolution

A

the measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor

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25
Hebb's Law
when an axon of cell A if near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process of metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing cell B, is increased.
26
Sensors of the Left hemisphere
have odd numbers
27
Sensors on the right hemisphere
have even numbers
28
C sensors
represent the motor cortex
29
Event related potential
The brain's response to a particular stimulus or motor response (this is averaged across lots of trials of the same type)
30
Cz sensor
in the middle, along the vertex
31
how is EEG power estimated
estimated using a mathematical procedure that decomposes an EEG trace into its components
32
Averaging across trials
forming a wave-form for a patient across many trials
33
Averaging across patients
forming a wave-form for multiple patients exposed to the same stimulus
34
complex waveforms
The result of combining the instantaneous amplitudes of two (or more) sine waves
35
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
can be used for measured structure
36
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
used for measuring function
37
DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)
water diffusion of fibre tracts is used to estimate white matter tract density and integrity
38
What frequency bands are involved in movement?
alpha and beta (8-30Hz)
39
Where does movement of the right hand occurs in the brain?
left hemisphere
40
Where does imagining movement of the right hand occur in the brain?
right hemisphere
41
Where does movement of the left hand occur in the brain?
the right hemisphere
42
where does imagining moving the right hand occur in the brain?
the right hemisphere
43
How to record event-related potentials? (4 steps)
1. present a stimulus 2. record EEG 3. repeat (a lot) 4. average recordings after time-locking them to a known stimulus
44
Callosotomy
the surgical disconnection of the corpus callosum
45
split-brain
patient's who have a disconnected brain and separate hemispheres
46
visual latelarisation
A technique used to deliver stimulus information to each cerebral hemisphere separately
47
reaction-time
latency to respond
48
movement time
duration of the movement
49
spatial coupling
A general concept that can be applied to different existing code constructions
50
What makes visual lateralisation effective ?
- present the stimulus for a short duration of time (<150ms) | - no eye movements
51
novel action
something new
52
well-learnt action
an action which is already coded in the brain and is familiar, almost automatic
53
automaticity
performance of a skill that has been practiced repeatedly with little or no direct attention
54
What is the left side of the brain lateralised for?
Local features of display
55
What is the right side of the brain lateralised for?
more global features
56
What side is in charge of speech?
The left side
57
What part of the brain is necessary for spatial coupling?
the corpus callosum
58
Subcortical
A process that occurs only in one cortex
59
somatosensory
relating to a sensation that can occur on the body, also refers to the brain's representation of the body
60
perceptual illusions
a faulty or distorted perception of something externally represented
61
representation
an image or likeness of something, as accessed by the brain
62
cross-modal
use of two different sense modalities. matching (congruent) inputs tend to facilitate performance
63
corticospinal
An efferent tract
64
ipsilateral
same side
65
contralateral
crosses over
66
bilateral
information is sent to the same side as well as the opposite side
67
distal
far-away limb
68
proximal
close-limb
69
topographical
the arrangement of physical features of an area
70
homunculus
a representation of a small human being (in the somatosensory cortex)
71
decussate
cross or intercept to form an X
72
Wilder Panfield
mapped the functions of various regions of the brain such as the cortical homunculus
73
Where do projections to the hand cross-over?
The mid-brain
74
speed-accuracy trade-off
as performance gets faster, accuracy decreases
75
dual-tasks
performing two tasks simultaneously
76
low-level constraints
muscle
77
high-level constraints
cognitive processes
78
congruent
Matching tasks
79
incongruent
separate tasks
80
Difference between congruent and incongruent tasks reaction time
was hypothesised to be due to people conceptually regarding incongruent tasks as two different tasks
81
perceptual manipulation
connecting the two circles with a line, which now joins the images together.
82
conceptual manipulation
pre-instruction display either signifying to use 'both hands' or the 'left and right hands'
83
Congenital mirror movements
a rare, genetic disorder. congenital defects of the motor system can occur, which leads to the existence of extra ipsilateral tracts
84
bilateral movements
when both limbs are used in unison to contract the muscles
85
neural compensation
neural activation of additional brain regions or networks that typically are not activated
86
volition
deciding on and committing to a particular action
87
plasticity
changes in brain structure
88
learning
the acquisition of knowledge or skills through eperience, study or by being taught
89
How much of the corticospinal tracts to the hands and fingers descend ipsilaterally?
20%

PSYC210 (8 decks)

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