cognitive review Flashcards by britt rank

Counted the number of times each event occurs.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

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Spread or variation of the data/score

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

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Identify the meaning of a phenomenon, experience for an individual participant

Data gathered directly from informants through interview or observation

QUALITATIVE STUDY DESIGN

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Stability within an instrument

How well the items measure same Variable and yield similar results?

Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

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Scale with equal intervals between the numbers

No true 0 point

Interval

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Properly calibrated equipment & instruments

MINIMIZING MEASUREMENT ERROR

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Coding categories: “Cookbook”

Break down data to sort/label in categories

CODING & DATA REDUCTION

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Not given all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

Risk for selection bias

Limitation of generalizations about findings

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

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Going forward (usually a long period of time)

Prospective/Longitudinal Design

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Measured scores are incorrect in the same direction
Affects average score: Bias
Sources of error

SYSTEMATIC ERROR

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Access one person suitable for study - Find other people
“Referral sampling”
Very good methods for sensitive subjects/issues

Example:
Found one mother of children with cystic fibrosis who lives in her neighborhood & asked her if she knows any other mothers of children with cystic fibrosis.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

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Not predict the direction of difference and/or relationship between Variables

Example:
There is a difference in the mammography rates between women who receive and do not receive the education.

Non-Directional Hypothesis: 2-tailed

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Undesirable variables that influence the study outcome

Not the variables that are actually of interest.

EXTRANEOUS (CONFOUNDING) VARIABLES

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Scores vary in a random way
Inconsistent data collection procedures by collector(s)
Not affect the average score
Affects variability around average score

RANDOM ERROR

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Who: research assistant, trained nurse…etc.
Where: home, clinic, conference room…etc.
When: before and/or after intervention…etc.
How: interview, survey, observation…etc.
How often: once, every 3 weeks…etc.

COMPONENTS

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Scale with equal intervals between the numbers

Absolute 0 point

Ratio

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Two variables are related across a group of participants

CORRELATION STATISTICS

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Categorize a variable

Nominal (Categorical)

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How to measure the Variable/Concept?

Make decision for type of data to be collected

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

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Stability between Raters
Correlating Rater score
Percentage or Cohen’s kappa > 0.85

INTER-RATER RELIABILITY

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Already collected data set by someone else for some other purposes

Patient record, Public/Commercial databases of health data, Registries, Government sources of health data .

SECONDARY DATA

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General meaning of Variable/Concept

Perceived Susceptibility: One’s opinion of chances of getting a condition

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

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Commonly used to investigate and identify the cause of certain condition/disease with small sample size

Example:
Rare type of cancer
Hepatitis outbreaks

CASE CONTROL DESIGN

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PICO Approach

Population
Intervention
Comparison/Control
Outcome

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Measurement of a group over time Independent variable manipulated at some point in time Enables the researcher to: - Determine effectiveness of intervention - Quantify timing of effects Example: Test effectiveness of planned behavior intervention to increase adherence of community mental health professionals to a national suicide prevention guideline

TIME SERIES DESIGN

Made up of people who are easy to reach. Example: Patients from the hypertension clinics of 2 local hospitals to explore medication adherence among HTN patients.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

Proportion/Rate in one sample against another | Relationship between two nominal/categorical variables

Chi-Square

Provide a high level of control measure something Enable the researchers to: - Examine the effectiveness of interventions - Measure changes over time - Explore the relationship between variables and outcomes

QUANTITATIVE STUDY DESIGNS

Stability of measurement over time Same measurement tool with the same participants at different time Correlation coefficient >/- 0.5

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

Lack of time Negative attitude toward research & EBP Organizational constraints Lack of skill to search literature and interpret evidence Perception that lack of authority to change practice Cost Individual judgment/patient input devalued

BARRIERS TO EBP

Best used for many variation in variable being measured Strata/Layers Divide population into smaller groups Take random sample from each stratum/group

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Face validity | Panel of experts review the items of instrumen

CONTENT VALIDITY

Assess if results from the sample can occur in a large population

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Categorize variable with rankings

Ordinal (Ranking)

Words, not numbers Feelings, experiences, perceptions Transcribed verbatim & field notes Need to be sorted & categorized contents

CONTENT ANALYSIS

Recurrent meaning that appear during data analysis

THEME IDENTIFICATION: FINDINGS

Longer Left tail | Concentrated majority of distribution on the Right side

Negative Skew

Characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from inclusion in the study.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Predicts there is NO difference/relationship between variables/groups Researcher wishes to disapprove this hypothesis

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho)

type of QUALITATIVE STUDY that Study of people and cultures Explore cultural phenomena Example: Experiences of Hmong refugee’s ER visit in U.S. Perception of a “good death” among Japanese Americans Sense of obligation of filial piety among elderly KA women

ETHNOGRAPHY

No standard/guideline for the analytic process | Results will be reported in words.

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Interviewer chooses the questions/techniques depending on the participant’s answer & the situation Participant speaks freely without any set question order

Unstructured Interview

Data collected directly from the participants for own study Most reliable data Methodology section

PRIMARY DATA

Accuracy or correctness of the study results Independent variable(s) made the differences/changes in Dependent variable(s).

INTERNAL VALIDITY

Example: | Every 3rd nurse is randomly selected from the mailing list of the ANA

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Present exactly the same questions in the same order in each interview.

Structured Interview

Identify a problem Develop research question Literature review/Investigate the current practice Synthesize evidence/findings Develop recommendations Pilot recommended interventions and changes Assess the effectiveness of the interventions & changes

STEPS OF EBP

Not concerned with measurement strategies | Analyze each participant’s own words

QUALITATIVE DATA

Congruent the characteristics of target population &sample Affects generalizability of results back to the target population from which they were chosen

REPRESENTATIVENESS

``` Self determination Privacy and dignity Anonymity and confidentiality Fair treatment Protection from discomfort and harm ```

RIGHTS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS

Predicts only one direction of change/relationship between Variables Example: There will be increased mammography rates among women who receive the education compared to those who do not receive the education.

Directional Hypothesis: 1-tail

- Do not require IRB review - Must meet the criteria for Exempt Review - Studies must pose NO risk (i.e. using public data)

Exempt Review

Rejection of null hypothesis

ALTERNATIVE/RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (H1)

Combines Quantitative and Qualitative measurements Involves the measurable state of a phenomenon and the individual’s subjective response to it Use quantitative data analysis to compliment as the qualitative data analysis

MIXED METHODS STUDY

No true relationship between the variables No true difference between two groups Statistically testing

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) TESTING

Describe a phenomenon with objective precision Identified Variables Statistical analysis for results Measured Variables in a reliable and valid way

QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Non-invasive procedure | Minimal risk

Expedited Review

Assess/Estimate the prevalence of a particular disease in a certain population Commonly used for public health planning Examine one variable in different groups that are similar in all other characteristics.

CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN

To gain more information about phenomena occurring in its natural setting No manipulation of Variables Used to observe, document, and describe. Does not enable the determination of cause and effect

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

``` Natural approach to research. Unstructured data Interview, Observation, Focus group Summary of subjective conclusion Understanding the meaning of an event/phenomenon from the individual’s perspective ```

QUALITATIVE STUDY

Positive statement to predict the relationship/difference of the variables: Outcomes of study

RESEARCH/ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

type of QUALITATIVE STUDY that Capturing the “lived experience” of a phenomenon Example: What is the lived experience for the treatment of a malignant brain tumor in adult males? What is the lived experience of caregiver for a patient with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)?

PHENOMENOLOGY

Determine the strength and direction of any relationship between two variables

CORRELATION DESIGN

No concealment | Aware of being observed

Direct Observation

Given all individuals equal chances of being selected for the sample. Must utilizes random selection process/procedure

PROBABILITY (RANDOM) SAMPLING

Very similar to Experimental design NO random assignment to intervention/control groups

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

SAMPLE SIZE Power/Power Analysis How large of a sample is needed to detect adetect a difference in the outcome variable?

QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Bell-shaped curve: Symmetry | Basic assumption for most statistical tests

Normal Distribution

Longer Right tail | Concentrated majority of distribution on the Left side

Skewed Distribution Positive Skew

Possibility of generalizability of the study results to: Other population Other environmental conditions

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

Most commonly used for Qualitative study

INTERVIEWS

Do not meet criteria for Exempt/Expedited review

Full Review

Strongest design: provide strongest evidence for practice Allows for conclusion of cause and effect Manipulated Independent variable (Intervention) Measurement of Dependent variable (Outcome) Random Assignment of participants to groups

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Judgmental sampling: Researcher knows enough about the population and its elements to handpick the sample Selected participants deliberately based on intentions of the researcher and purpose of the study Chosen for specific purposes

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

Researcher uses some knowledge of the population to build some representatives into the sampling plan. Selected participants based on pre-specified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes, behaviors, some other criteria Arbitrarily choose participants from each group.

QUOTA SAMPLING

Outcome has already occurred | “look back” for events that occurred in the past.

TIME ELEMENT DESIGN | Retrospective Design

Quantify participant’s level of responses Asked to express degree of agreement/disagreement Each degree has numerical value Calculate a total numerical value from all participants

Likert Scale

Example: Total of 16 nurse managers are randomly selected from 8 hospitals in 2 randomly selected clusters in the State of Illinois.

CLUSTER SAMPLING

Congruent characteristics of the population and sample Required characteristics that the prospective subjects must have to be included in the study

ENROLLMENT: SELECTION CRITERIA INCLUSION CRITERIA

Most commonly used data collection tools Complete/Distribute by face-to-face, mail-out, online open or close ended questions

SURVEY/QUESTIONNAIRE

Describe the pattern of scores among participants

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

SAMPLE SIZE Redundancy and Saturation When is the point at which no new information is being generated

QUALITATIVE STUDY

Completed with each participant Detailed Information: extent and sufficient Comprehension

INFORMED CONSENT

Unaware of being observed | Debriefing

Indirect Observation: Concealment

cognitive review Flashcards

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