Cognitive States and Processes

Question 1

A key part of effective stress management that usually goes along with optimism

Answer 1

positive thinking

Question 2

This refers to the belief that one’s skills and capabilities are enough to accomplish one’s desired goals in a specific situation

Answer 2

self-efficacy

Question 3

4 processes that develop self-efficacy

Answer 3

• performance accomplishment
• vicarious learning
• verbal encouragement
• emotional states

Question 4

This theory asserts that humans actively shape their lives rather than passively reacting to situations

Answer 4

self-efficacy

Question 5

This S-E process refers to previous successes in similar situations

Answer 5

performance appraisal

Question 6

This S-E process refers to modeling on others in the same situation

Answer 6

vicarious learning

Question 7

This S-E process refers to verbal persuasion by a powerful, trustworthy expert or an attractive person

Answer 7

verbal encouragement

Question 8

This S-E process refers to the level of arousal and state of emotion that can be attached to an activity

Answer 8

emotional state

Question 9

2 crucial brain parts for self-efficacy

Answer 9

frontal and pre-frontal lobes

Question 10

The frontal and pre-frontal lobes facilitate (blank) that is crucial of self-efficacy

Answer 10

prioritization of goals and strategic thinking

Question 11

True or False

The left hemisphere reacts to dilemmas relayed by the linguistic right hemisphere and focuses on problem-solving

Answer 11

false

right hemisphere = problem solving
left hemisphere = linguistic

Question 12

This refers to one’s expectancy that good things rather than bad things will happen

Answer 12

optimism

Question 13

The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events

Answer 13

attribution

Question 14

2 types of attribution

Answer 14

dispositional attribution and situational attribution

Question 15

This type of attribution is internal, something within the person we are observing

Answer 15

dispositional attribution

Question 16

This type of attribution is external, caused by something outside the person we are observing

Answer 16

situational attribution

Question 17

Optimists use (blank) attributions to explain negative experiences or events

Answer 17

adaptive external, variable, and specific attributions

Question 18

True or False

There is a genetic basis of optimism

Answer 18

true

Question 19

One prominent antecedent of optimism is (blank)

Answer 19

childhood experiences that foster trust and secure attachments to parental figures

Question 20

5 common outcomes of optimism

Answer 20

• stating college
• performing in work situations
• caring for Alzheimer patients
• coping with cancer
• coping in general

Question 21

This refers to a goal-directed thinking

Answer 21

hope

Question 22

2 components of hope

Answer 22

• pathways of thinking

- agency of thinking

Question 23

Pathways of thinking refer to the capacity to (blank)

Answer 23

find ways to desired goals

Question 24

True or False

Hope has a hereditary contribution

Answer 24

false

Rather, hope has a learned cognitive set about goal-directed thinking

Question 25

Hope is said to be an inherent part of (blank)

Answer 25

parenting

Question 26

It is said that components of hopeful thought are in place by age (blank)

Answer 26

2

Question 27

This is crucial for imparting hope

Answer 27

strong attachment to caregivers

Question 28

5 common outcomes of hope

Answer 28

- academics - sports - physical health - adjustment - psychotherapy

Question 29

This refers to the level of goal-directed thinking of a large group of people

Answer 29

collective hope

Question 30

This refers to an integration of knowledge, experience, and deep understanding

Answer 30

Wisdom

Question 31

Wisdom incorporates tolerance from (blank)

Answer 31

uncertainties of life, including its ups and downs

Question 32

Wisdom emerges when (blank) and (blank) agree

Answer 32

the heart and mind agree

Question 33

Wisdom is a process used to balance (blank) with (blank) to achieve a common good

Answer 33

personal interests with environmental context

Question 34

Wisdom entails the use of (blank) and (blank) to form judgments of or resolution for competing interests

Answer 34

tacit knowledge and personal values

Question 35

4 characteristics of wise people

Answer 35

- sage (carrier of wisdom) - age (timeless and universal knowledge of wisdom) - understanding of affect in problem-solving - professional specialization

Question 36

This refers to a behavioral approach despite the experience of fear

Answer 36

courage

Question 37

This refers to the planning and execution of great and expansive projects by putting forth ample and splendid effort of the mind

Answer 37

courage

Question 38

4 types of courage

Answer 38

- physical - vital - psychological - civil

Question 39

This type of courage refers to the perseverance through disease or disability even when the outcome is ambiguous

Answer 39

vital courage

Question 40

This type of courage refers to the strength in facing destructive habits

Answer 40

psychological courage

Question 41

This type of courage refers to the brave behavior accompanied by anger and indignation

Answer 41

civil courage

Question 42

This type of courage refers to the maintenance of societal good

Answer 42

physical courage

Question 43

This type of courage intends to reinforce societal and ethical norms without considering own social cost

Answer 43

civil courage