Cohesion (glue)

Question 1

Phonological patterning, eg. alliteration/consonance/assonance, rhythm and rhyme

Answer 1

• connects through similar sounds
• strings them together in a cohesive way to create a patterns

Question 2

Conjunctions and adverbial/conjunctive phrases

Answer 2

• connect ideas and phrases to link ideas within a text
• shows the relationship between elements

Question 3

Hyponomy

Answer 3

• creates a link through highlighting the relationship between general (eg. semantic field) and specific lexical items (eg. individual lexemes pertaining to that domain)

Question 4

Collocation

Answer 4

• lexemes which go together build an expectation of what is coming next, linking lexemes and phrases

Question 5

Subject-specific lexis

Answer 5

• lexemes and phrases within a particular semantic field

Question 6

Antonymy

Answer 6

• lexemes with opposite meanings tie the sentences together (words/phrases/clauses) with opposing yet linked themes

Question 7

Synonymy

Answer 7

• reinforce and add detail to vary and hence connect ideas

Question 8

Ellipsis

Answer 8

• remove unnecessary elements which are assumed/inferred knowledge so they don’t detract from the meaning of the text

Question 9

Syntactic patterning (PAL)

Answer 9

• parallelism: mirrored structures packaged semantically/syntactically to create a semantic thread
• antithesis/listing: linked/layered/packaged in order to build cohesioin with related ideas and cohesive units of ideas

Question 10

Repetition/patterning (phonological/morphological/lexical/syntactic/semantic)

Answer 10

• creates links between repeated x
• reinforce, emphasise, enforce, stress etc.

Question 11

Substitution

Answer 11

• NP for NP, eg. ‘Amy and Sam had a blast. They enjoyed…’
  -> Amy and Sam = noun referent, replaced with third-person plural subject pronoun
• reference:
  -> anaphoric: subject comes before pronoun, eg. ‘Party members voted. They…’
  -> cataphoric: pronoun comes before subject, eg. ‘She kept quiet. Charlie decided…’

Question 12

Deictics/deixis

Answer 12

• time/place/people
• in the context, not in the text
  -> eg. Will she be there tomorrow?

Question 13

Information flow (FEC)

Answer 13

• fronting/front focus: creates focus and connects consequent sentences/clauses/phrases
• end focus: adds end weight through marked syntax to emphasise/draw focus to end part of a sentence which holds most significance
• clefting: grammatical structure is altered/manipulated to present idea/focus