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col 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of the cell cycle?

A

To regulate the process of cell division and replication

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2
Q

What is cell division?

A

New cells are formed by splitting of pre-existing cells through cell division

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3
Q

How many types of cell division are there?

A

Two types: Mitosis and Meiosis

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4
Q

Define gametes.

A

Reproductive cells produced by meiosis

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5
Q

Define somatic cells.

A

Body cells produced by mitosis

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6
Q

What is the main similarity between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Both are usually accompanied by cytokinesis or the division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells

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7
Q

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces daughter cells that are genetically different

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8
Q

What are the basic steps in cellular replication?

A
  • Copying DNA
  • Separating copies of DNA
  • Dividing cytoplasm to create two complete cells
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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

A region of DNA in a chromosome that codes for specific mRNA and therefore for a specific protein

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10
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Double-stranded DNA copies attached along their entire length by cohesions

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11
Q

What occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell division occurs, including mitosis and cytokinesis

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12
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cells grow, replicate DNA, and prepare for division

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13
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

The cell growth phase before DNA replication begins

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14
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA replication occurs

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15
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

The phase where cells prepare for mitosis and increase in size and volume

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16
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of replicated chromosomes to form two nuclei with identical genetic material

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17
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

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18
Q

What is the spindle apparatus?

A

A structure made of microtubules that helps separate chromosomes during mitosis

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19
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?

A

It breaks down

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20
Q

What do kinetochore microtubules do?

A

They attach to chromosomes at kinetochores and facilitate their movement

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21
Q

How do microtubules pull chromatids apart during anaphase?

A

Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling chromatids toward opposite poles

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22
Q

How do plant cells physically divide?

A

Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus form a cell plate in the middle of the cell

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23
Q

What role do actin and myosin filaments play in mammalian cell division?

A

They contract inside the cell membrane to form a cleavage furrow

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24
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The process of programmed cell death

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25
What is a benign tumor?
A non-cancerous growth that does not invade surrounding tissues
26
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells to distant sites in the body
27
What is the role of tumor suppressor proteins?
To regulate the cell cycle and prevent uncontrolled cell division
28
Fill in the blank: The phase where chromosomes are uncoiled and cells perform their specialized functions is called _______.
Interphase
29
Fill in the blank: The two distinct events in the M phase are _______ and _______.
Mitosis, Cytokinesis
30
What are sex chromosomes?
Chromosomes associated with an individual's sex.
31
What chromosomes do females have in many animals?
Females have XX chromosomes.
32
What chromosomes do males have in many animals?
Males have XY chromosomes.
33
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes.
34
What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosomes of the same type and size with the same genes in the same position.
35
What is a homologous pair?
A pair of homologous chromosomes.
36
Are two homologs typically identical?
No, they can have different alleles.
37
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that influences a trait.
38
What are alleles?
Different versions of a specific gene.
39
What is an example of an allele for eye color?
Allele for red eyes or allele for purple eyes.
40
What are homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes but may have different alleles. ## Footnote Example: Gene for eye color with alleles for red and purple eyes.
41
What is the key difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?
Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, while homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical pairs.
42
What is a karyotype?
Identifies the number and types of chromosomes in a species.
43
What does ploidy refer to?
A cell's ploidy (n, 2n, 3n, etc.) is the number of chromosome sets.
44
What are haploids?
Haploids (1n) are organisms like bacteria, yeast, archaea, fungi, and many algae that have only one of each type of chromosome, therefore one allele of each gene.
45
What are diploids?
Diploids (2n) are many organisms, including humans, that have two homologs of each chromosome, therefore two alleles of each gene.
46
What is the haploid number (n)?
The number of distinct types of chromosomes in a cell.
47
What is the haploid and diploid number in humans?
In humans, n = 23; 2n = 46.
48
What are polyploids?
Organisms with three or more versions of each type of chromosome (3n, 4n, etc.).
49
How many copies of chromosome 14 do muscle cells contain?
Muscle cells contain two copies of chromosome 14.
50
How many copies of chromosome 14 do egg or sperm cells contain?
Egg or sperm cells contain one copy of chromosome 14.
51
Where do the two copies of chromosome 14 in muscle cells come from?
The two copies come from one inherited from each parent.
52
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a nuclear division that leads to halving of chromosome number.
53
What do gametes contain?
Gametes contain half the chromosome number.
54
What is formed during fertilization?
A zygote (2n) is formed during fertilization.
55
What does a diploid cell produce during meiosis?
A diploid cell produces four haploid daughter cells.
56
What is the significance of gametes in fertilization?
Gametes must contain half the chromosome number to restore the full chromosome number at fertilization.
57
What is Gametogenesis?
The process of forming gametes, which includes spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
58
What begins spermatogenesis?
Mitosis of the diploid spermatogonia.
59
What is a spermatocyte?
A cell with a complete copy of the father's genetic material, containing 46 chromosomes.
60
What begins oogenesis?
Mitosis of the diploid oocyte.
61
What is a primary oocyte?
An oocyte that arrests in prophase I before birth.
62
What happens after puberty in oogenesis?
Meiosis continues, leading to the formation of secondary oocytes.
63
What is the fate of the secondary oocyte?
It arrests in metaphase II until ovulation and sperm entry.
64
What are the final products of oogenesis?
A mature ovum and polar body, leading to fertilization.
65
What are haploid gametes?
Gametes that contain one set of chromosomes (1n) formed after the second meiotic division.
66
What is the starting cell for spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis.
67
What are the stages of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonium → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Sperm.
68
What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?
They are located in the testis and are involved in spermatogenesis.
69
What hormones are involved in the female reproductive cycle?
Estrogen and progesterone.
70
What is the corpus luteum?
A structure formed after ovulation that produces hormones.
71
What is zygote formation?
The process of fertilization that results in a fertilized egg.
72
What is an oogonium?
An oogonium is a 2n cell that undergoes mitosis before birth.
73
What happens to primary oocytes before birth?
Primary oocytes enter meiosis I during female embryonic development and arrest in prophase I until sexual maturity is reached.
74
When does meiosis continue in oocytes?
Meiosis continues after puberty during ovulation.
75
What is a polar body?
A polar body is a byproduct of oocyte division that typically does not develop into a fertilized egg.
76
What is a secondary oocyte?
A secondary oocyte is a 1n cell that arrests in metaphase II until fertilization.
77
What occurs during ovulation?
During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released and can be fertilized by sperm.
78
What is the primary purpose of meiosis?
The primary purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
79
What type of cells are present before meiosis I?
Diploid cells (2n) with two identical sister chromatids per each chromosome.
80
What is the purpose of Meiosis I?
A reduction division that forms two haploid daughter cells with a single replicated chromosome.
81
What does Meiosis II produce?
Forms two daughter cells with one copy of each daughter chromosome (1n) per cell.
82
What is the state of the parent cell in Meiosis I?
The parent cell is diploid (2n) and contains a homologous pair of replicated chromosomes.
83
What happens to homologs during Meiosis I?
Homologs separate.
84
What happens to sister chromatids during Meiosis I?
Sister chromatids separate.
85
What is the ploidy of daughter cells after Meiosis I?
Daughter cells are haploid (n) and contain just one homolog.
86
What is produced after Meiosis II?
Four daughter cells contain one unreplicated chromosome each (n).
87
What can the daughter cells develop into in animals?
These cells can develop into gametes.
88
How do Mitosis and Meiosis differ in terms of parent cells?
Mitosis starts with a diploid parent cell (2n), while Meiosis also starts with a diploid parent cell (2n).
89
What occurs during Prophase I in Meiosis?
Chromosomes condense, bivalents form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Chiasmata mark sites of crossing over.
90
What is the outcome of Mitosis?
Two diploid daughter cells that contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
91
What is the outcome of Meiosis?
Four haploid daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
92
What happens during Metaphase I of Meiosis?
Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate.
93
What occurs during Anaphase and Telophase of Mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate; nuclear envelope re-forms.
94
What occurs during Anaphase I and Telophase I of Meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes separate; two haploid cells result.
95
What happens during Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids separate; nuclear envelope re-forms.
96
What is the chromosome number in Mitosis?
2n
97
What happens during Prophase of Mitosis?
Chromosomes condense; nuclear envelope breaks down.
98
What happens during Prophase I of Meiosis?
Chromosomes condense; bivalents form. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Chiasmata mark sites of crossing over.
99
What is Synapsis?
Tight side by side pairing of homologous chromosomes along their corresponding regions.

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