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Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the truman doctrine made

A

1947

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2
Q

What did the truman doctrine do? (5)

A

Isolationism to containmentism (Communist expansion outside small number countries)

Give Greece & Turkey $400 mil & millitary aid

Tensions rose

USA directly against spread communism

Capitalust democracy & communist thrany

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3
Q

When was Marshall plan?

A

1948-1952

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4
Q

What did marshall plan do? (4)

A

Gave $12.7 bil in aid (prevent countries in europe turn communist)

Countries on marshall plan told help build up others economy

Turned Europe now made of 2 economic groups

Tensions rose

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5
Q

What was Marshall plan?

A

Practical outcome of truman doctrine (provide economic aid to war torn contries)

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6
Q

What was dollar imperialism?

A

Name given by Stalin on Truman spreading dollar through Europe

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7
Q

Impact of Truman doctrine & Marshall plan (5)

A

USA direct opposition against USSR & inviting support from other countries

End of Grand Alliance

Reinforce Stalin suspiscion USA trying crush USSR

Led to Stalin retalliating with Comecon & Cominform

Tensions rise

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8
Q

When was cominform (Communist Information Bureau) formed?

A

1947

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9
Q

Who took part in Cominform?

A

All Soviet Republics
Satellite e.g. Bulgaria, Poland & Romania
Along with Yugoslavia

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10
Q

What did Cominform do? (2 (1 contains 3 parts))

A

Gave Stalin direct control satellite state gove (had directly report to Moscow)

Members encouraged: Trade inside Cominform
Not contact non-Communist countries
Marshall plan rejected

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11
Q

Where was Cominform based?

A

Initialy Belgrade (Yugoslavia)

But due USSR & Yugoslavia groing tension Yogoslavia expelled & headquarters move in June 1948 to Bucharest (Romania)

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12
Q

When was Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic assistance) formed?

A

25th Jan 1949 (2yrs after Marshall plan)

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13
Q

What was Comecon? (2)

A

Mrshall plan alternative for Eastern Europe (blocked reception of Marshall plan)

Support economic dev member states

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14
Q

Who was in Comecon?

A

USSR
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
East Germany
Later joined by Albania

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15
Q

What did Comecon do? (3)

A

Provide aid line with Communist princaples

1953 tried organise industrial planning accross member states

Discourage trade with Capitalist countries e.g. Bulgaria trade with member states 1930s 10%, by 1951 up to 90%

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16
Q

When was the Berlin Crisis

A

1948-49

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17
Q

How many zones were there in Germany

A

4 (USA, USSR, Britain & France (Allied Control Commission) (lasted many years)

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18
Q

When was the Bizonia formed

A

1947

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19
Q

What was the bizonia

A

Britihs & USA zones combined

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20
Q

when was Trizonia formed

A

March 1948

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21
Q

What was the Trizonia

A

France adding zone to Bizonia

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22
Q

Consequences of Trizonia (3)

A

US-USSR relations worsened (Stalin thought West trying make East Soviet Germany poor)

Split between Capitalist West Germany & Soviet Communist East Germany

Deutschmark

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23
Q

When was Deutschmark formed

A

June 1948

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24
Q

What was the Deutschmark

A

New currency only for West Germany

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25
Consequence of Deutscmark
East & West Germany now have different economies
26
When was the Berlin Blockade
June 1948 - 9th May 1949
27
What was Berlin blockade
Soviet shut off land routes & communications from West Germany to West Berlin Stalin wanted this allow him take control Berlin
28
What was Operation Vittles (Berlin Airlift) (2)
Flying in necessities (e.g. food, coal) (Jan no less than 170000 tonnes supplies delivered) This happened as driving over shut off land routes is an act of war
29
Consequences of Berlin Airlift (4)
Berlin blockade called off 9th May 1949 Due to peace ful solutio from West Stalins actions look aggressive New runway & airport built (Berlin-Tempelhof & Berlin Tegel) Tensions rise
30
When was Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (West Germany) formed
23rd May 1949
31
When & who was the first denocratically elected leader of FRG?
15th Sept 1949 Konrad Adenauer
32
What was the new capital of FRG?
Bonn
33
When was German Democratic Republic (GDR) (East Germany) formed?
Oct 1949
34
When did West recognise GDR?
Late 1970s
35
When was North Atlanic Treaty Organisation (NATO) formed?
April 1949
36
Why was NATO formed?
Stalin trying take control Berlin & Czechoslovakia that yr
37
What was NATO main policy?
If one member attacks/attacked other member help
38
When was Warsaw pact formed
May 1955
39
Why was Warsay pact formed (2)
FRG joning NATO May 1955 (Stalin didn't want strong Germany on Border) Be Communist NATO equivalent
40
Who were Warsaw pact members
USSR Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Bulgaria Romania Albania GDR
41
Consequence NATO & Warsw pact (3)
Millitary East & West bloc 2 Europes (Capitalist West & Communist East) Hostility between blocs led to bad relations next 35 yrs
42
When was the Hungarian Uprising
1956
43
What happened in Hungarian Uprising (8)
1956: Hungarians protesting lack – political freedom, fuel shortages & poor harvest, Oct – capital (Budapest) police & protesters clash Khrushchev appoints new prime minister Nagy (Nagy believes – freedom under communist regime) Nagy made reforms allowing other political parties, setting free political prisoners & persuaded Khrushchev – remove troops 1st Nov 1956: Nagy announces Hungary leaving Warsaw pact Khrushchev not allow this – happen 4th Nov 1956 1000 tanks roll – Budapest Nagy’s supporters put up fight & begged West – help (final sent telegram “HELP,HELP,HELP!) West never came with aid Up - 20000 Hungarians killed & new pro communist gov set up under Janos Kadar Kadar promised Nagy passage out – embassy where hidden, but when left captured by Soviet agents 1958: gov reported Nagy had been trialed & executed
44
Hungarian uprising Consequences (3)
Khrushchev looks strong (has more confidence dealing with USA Eisenhower look weak as didn't help after telling Communist countries fight back Tensions rise
45
When was the Arms race
1945-58
46
When did the USA use first atomic bomb
1945 over Hiroshima & Nagasaki
47
What impact did 1945 atomic bomb have on USA-USSR relations
Worsened as USSR felt left in dark about this new weapon
48
When did USSR their first atomic bomb
1949
49
When did USA make hydrogen bomb
1952
50
When did USSR make own hydrogen bomb
1953
51
When did USSR make Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
1957
52
When did USSR get own ICBM
1959
53
Hydrogen bomb
1000x more powerful than atomic bomb
54
ICBM
Nuclear warhead capable hitting target 4500 km away
55
Other forms of the arms race
Large armies Naval fleets Submarines Conventional weapon stocks Nuclear warhead stocks
56
What was the point of the arms race (2)
To show who had better weapons & military Nuclear weapons became deterrant of war
57
When was Dwight Eisenhower elected
1952
58
When did Dwight Eisenhower take office
Jan 1953
59
What was Dwight Eisnehowers presidential campaign
Anti-communist
60
What did Dwight Eisnhower want (3)
Stop USSR expansion Prevent nuclear war Improve USA-USSR relations
61
When did Stalin die
5th March 1953
62
Who succeded Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev
63
When did Nikita Khrushchev take power
1956
64
What did Khrushchev want (2)
Undo what Stalin did (de-Stalinisation) Coexist with West
65
When did USSR recogise FRG
1955
66
When was summit agreeing how Austria governed
1955
67
When was Geneva summit
July 1955
68
What happened at Geneva summit (2)
No agreement made (Germanies future & disarmament) Relations improved
69
When was the Cuban missile crisis
16th Oct - 29th Oct 1962
70
What happened in the Cuban missile crisis (6)
16th Oct: Kennedy calls executive committee (Excomm) - discuss missiles – Cuba, met – 13 days 22nd Oct: Naval blockade around Cuba made, ships can’t pass through without US permission. Expected USSR – attack & war start prepped 54 bombs & 4 nuclear warheads 24th Oct: Soviets reach blockade & turn around 26th Oct: Khrushchev telegram – Kennedy saying remove missiles if US promises not – attack Cuba 27th Oct: Before Kennedy can respond, Khrushchev sends new telegram saying remove missiles if US removes missiles – Turkey. American U2 plane shot over Cuba Hawks demand military action 28th Oct: Kennedy agrees – first telegram Khrushchev accepts. We now know Robert (Kennedy’s little brother) went – see Soviet ambassador day before, 6 months later missiles – Turkey removed , deal kept secret
71
Why did USA not want nuclear missiles in Cuba
If missiles fired wouldnt have time to reac
72
Hawks
Favour millitary solution to problems
73
Doves
Favour diplomatic solution to problems
74
Of cuban missile crisis Consequences (4)
June 1963 direct comms from Washington to Moscow set up (hotline) Aug 1963 nuclear warhead test ban treaty signed by USA, USSR & GB (cant test nukes: outer space, under water & atmosphere) this helped controlling nuclear warheads 1967 Outer Space Treaty USA & USSR begin space race so poss launching nukes from space more likely, treaty prevent using space for millitary (ruled out putting nuclear weapons in orbit) 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed – stop spread – nuclear weapons. Countries signed up - treaty agreed – not share share their nuclear technology – other countries
75
What happened in prague spring (9)
Dubcek new leader of Czechoslovakia Jan 1968: Committed to Warsaw pact & devout communist (would remain ally to Moscow) Wanted make Czech people‘s liver easier (“Communism with a human face”) “Prague Spring” reforms April 1968: Relaxed censorship (freedom of speech & opposition parties allowed) Increased trade with West Czech people have greater freedom – travel abroad (border with West Germany reopened & to rest of west) Trade Unions & workers have more power Industry de-centralised Czech happy (Czech had more control over country & USSR had less) Brezhnev disappointed with reforms (scared other Warsaw pact members would want same) Brezhnev tried stop Dubcek going too far: Ordered Warsaw pact troops manoeuvres in Czech as threat Dubcek invited 2 other rebel leaders (e.g. Tito Yugoslavia leader) – country for talks 20th Aug 1968: 500000 Warsaw pact troops invade Czech & ended Prague Spring Faced some resistance (blocking roads, 1 student burnt himself alive & attack individual tanks Dubcek arrested Husak appointed as new leader (Czechoslovakia remained communist 20yrs)
76
Respone to Prague Spring (3)
UN denounced incasion offering solution (withdrawing WArsaw pavt troops USSR vetoed this) West condemned this but no interference (worried getting involved with USSR sphere of influence) Western communist parties denounced actions & distanced themselves from USSR influence
77
When was the prague spring
1968
78
USSR benefit prague spring (6)
Czechoslovakia return to USSR style communism Brezhenev establish authority over eastern bloc Brezenhev showed USA he is strong Breazhenev showed prepared invade satellite states Brezhenev doctrine (protect communism where under threat, control over satellite states increase & show eastern bloc can't give up communism with no invasion) Despite relaxation cold war not over
79
Consequences of prague spring
Tensions rise
80
When did Gorbachev take over USSR
March 1985 (youngest to enter Politburo aged 54)
81
Perestroika (4)
Reconstrucion of USSR economy USSR economy now include capitalist ideas Trade allowed with western powers Move away from centrallisation of industry (businesses can sell what want & make profit)
82
Glasnost (6)
More openess in USSR gov less corruption in gov Free speach allowed Censorship relaxed Thousands political prisoners released 1989 first USSR elected parliment (officials chosen by people)
83
What did Gorbachev do to Brezhnev doctrine (2)
No longer followed Can no longer involve in affairs of oter communist countries
84
What did Gorbachev do to Afghanistan war (2)
Reduce spending on arms & deffence Withdrew from afghanistan

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