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Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

The grand alliance?

A

Britain and the Soviet Union fighting together against Nazis/ Fascism during WWII.

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2
Q

Whose theory began communism?

A

german writer Karl Marx in the 1800s

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3
Q

Conferences?

A

Tehran 1943
Yalta Feb 1945
July-Aug 1945- Potsdam

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4
Q

Leaders at conferences?

A

Tehran+Yalta= Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Potsdam= Atlee, Truman, Stalin

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5
Q

Positives of Tehran?

A

.USA and Uk to attack Nazis through France on D-Day
. Stalin would declare war on Japan once the war in Europe ended
.Weaken Germany after WWII
. Soviet Union could keep land in Poland and Poland to get land from Germany
.Start a new peace keeping force - became the UN

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6
Q

Negatives of Tehran?

A

Where to attack the Nazis - Churchill wanted in the Balkans but Roosevelt and Stalin agreed on France

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7
Q

Positives of Yalta?

A
  1. Split Germany into 4 zones
  2. Germany to pay $20 billion in reparations
  3. Put Nazis on trial for crimes
  4. Set up UN
  5. Stalin to join war with Japan
  6. Free elections in Eastern Europe
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8
Q

Negatives of Yalta?

A
  1. Polish borders back to 1921 - Stalin gained land
  2. stalin wanted a Communist government against London Poles
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9
Q

Positives of Potsdam?

A

.reinforced Yalta

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10
Q

Negatives of Potsdam?

A
  1. Amount of reparations- disagreement
  2. Soviet control and Red Army in Eastern Europe
  3. Polish borders
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11
Q

Atomic bombs?

A

6 Aug 1945 US bombed Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)

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12
Q

Long telegram?

A

USSR planned to destroy Western way of life
-USSR heavily armed and feared the outside world
-spread communism

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13
Q

Novikov telegram?

A

USA had emerged out of WW2 financially strong and were world dominators
Soviets had to extend their buffer zone

-telegrams set the scene for the cold war
-end of the grand alliance

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14
Q

Slicing the salami?

A

Nickname for Stalin’s turning of Eastern Europe countries into Communist countries.
Done through a mix of violence and rigged elections

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15
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A

Trumans plan to contain communism
Truman promised military support and aid (money) to Greece + Turkey in their fight against Communism

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16
Q

What was the Marshall?

A

financial part
could spend alot of money
1948-52 USA gave $12.7 billion in aid to europe

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17
Q

Dollar Imperialsm?

A

No Communism countries got Marshall Aid. Stalin said it was a bribe to divide Europe and spread capitalism to destroy the USSR.

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18
Q

What and when was coninform?

A

22sept 1947
- 9 countries
- Stalin had control over their decisions from Moscow
- said America was like the Nazis

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19
Q

What and when was comecon?

A

-25th Jan 1949
-To stop satellite states accepting Marshall AId
-up trade + loans between countries.
-After 1953 the soviet union had economic plans which benefited them
-the west saw this as communism spreading

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20
Q

West vs USSR views to repair Germany?

A

the west wanted to rebuild germany whereas the USSR wanted to weaken it and order them to pay for their reparations

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21
Q

What was bizonia and trizonia?

A

Bizonia- 1947- USA+UK combined zones
Trizonia- 1948- France joined as well

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22
Q

When was the Deutschmark introduced?

A

June 1948- Stalin viewed this as a divide between the countries

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23
Q

Stalin’s berlin blockade intentions?

A

June 1948
blockaded land routes
thought the west would give up on west berlin and he could claim a communist victory

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24
Q

Facts about berlin blockade?

A

.at the height of the airlift, a plane landed every minute at Berlin’s airport
.cost USA 350million and uk 17mll
.1,000 tonnes of supplies every day
.Berlin only had food by 36 days

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25
How long did the blockade last for?
11 months
26
NATO?
1949 formed after the Blockade 12 nations stand against communism
27
Warsaw pact?
1955- formed because west germany joined NATO led by USSR
28
How many times powerful was the H bomb to the A bomb
2500x
29
Range of ICBM?
5600km
30
Effects of Nuclear arms race?
USSR spent so much money which inevitably cost them later in the cold war
31
Role of 1953
Eisenhower and Khrushchev new leaders
32
Nagy?
Hungary's Communist leader tried to be freer from the USSR and leave the Warsaw Pact.
33
Causes of Hungarian Uprising?
Gero replaced Rakosi which led to riots as he was unpopular- people didn't like communism -Nagy replaced- friendlier communism -soviet army leaves and prisoners released -free elections -farmers could own their land -1st Nov 1956 - Hungary wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact
34
Course of Hungarian Uprising?
-1956 -1,000 soviet tanks -26,000 killed/injured/imprisoned -west didn't intervene -just provided aid for refugees
35
Consequences of Hungarian Uprising?
-Khrushchev still like Stalin -Nagy executed -warned others in the buffer zone not to leave -Khrushchev more powerful over satellite states
36
How many left East Germany for west germany from 1949 and 1961?
2.7 million
37
What was the Berlin Ultimatum?
Khrushchev demanded the West recognise East Germany as a country and Berlin would be a free city with no western weapons.
38
Geneva conference?
May 1959 -no solution however relations improved
39
Camp David?
Sep 1959 -no long term solution -ultimatum withdrawn -Khrushchev sets foot on US soil
40
Paris summit?
-May 1960 -Gary powers spy plane- 13 days before- US lied -no agreement on Cuba and Berlin -no test ban treaty
41
Vienna?
1961 -Kennedy new president -Khrushchev renewed ultimatum -spent 2 billion on weapons to fight over Berlin
42
How long was the Berlin wall?
155km
43
How many shot in Aug 1962?
130 shot
44
Impacts of Berlin wall?
refugee crisis ended as it was too dangerous too cross physical representation of the Iron curtain
45
Cuban revolution?
Jan 1959 revolted against the pro american government as they wanted independence batista ---> Castro
46
How far away from Florida was Cuba?
90 miles
47
Castro in 1960?
-turned cuba communist due to relations with khrushchev
48
Trade embargo?
Americans stopped buying sugar and tobacco from Cuba however this backfired as Cuba went to the Soviets who then gave them oil and weapons in exchange
48
Trade embargo?
Americans stopped buying sugar and tobacco from Cuba however this backfired as Cuba went to the Soviets who then gave them oil and weapons in exchange
49
The bay of pigs?
-April 1961 -America would invade Cuba and overthrow communism -1,400 cuban exiles were humiliated by Castro and his 20,000 men - lack of US air support
50
Discovery of the Missiles?
-October 1962 -American spy plane flying over Cuba took pictures that showed the construction of Soviet missile launch sites - 20 Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles in the Atlantic Ocean heading for Cuba.
51
Cuban Missile crisis timeline?
1962 22nd october- kennedy imposes naval blockade 23rd october- khrushchev's first letter- soviets will break through 24th october- 20 ships turn back 25th october- moree building work at missile sites 26th october- letter from Khrushchev- promising to remove the launch sites if the USA agrees to lift the blockade and promises not to invade Cuba 27th october- second letter- launch sites will only be removed if the US removes its missiles in Turkey.- kennedy only answers first telegram and does the other in private 28th october- khrushchev removes missiles
52
Consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis?
-hotline installed- direct phone link to moscow -1963 test ban treaty- banned testing of nuclear weapons in atmosphere and space/ not undergorund -SALT 1- no more building of ICBMs -1967 Outer Space Treaty - space race not for military Both claimed they ‘won’.- stop arms race spreading to outer space
53
When was the Prague Spring?
1968
54
What was Dubcek phrase for communsim?
Socialsim with a friendly face
55
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
-declared that the USSR would not allow the countries of Eastern Europe to reject communism or leave the Warsaw Pact
56
What was the Prague Spring?
-relaxed censorship -trade and travel with the west -local govs got more power
57
Turning point of Prague Spring?
Dubcek invited Tito and Ceausescu (rebellious Communist leaders of Yugoslavia and Romania) to Czechoslovakia for talks.
58
Brezhnev response in Prague?
-invaded Czechoslovakia with 100,000 troops
59
Negative Reaction to Prague spring?
-Yugoslavia and Romania criticised USSR -communist parties in France and Italy cut ties with Moscow
60
Positive reaction to Prague Spring?
-East Geramny and Poland liked to Brezhnve DOctrine -kept tight soviet control of the warsaw pact
61
Why couldn't the US help at the Prague Spring?
- were outraged but too focused on Vietnam so didnt supply troops - UN tried to pass a rule against the invasion
62
Detente
relaxing tensions
63
Nuclear non-proliferation treaty?
1968 neither USSR or USA would supply nuclear weapons to other states, nor help them develop stopped superpower conflict engulfing other areas of the world
64
Salt 1?
-1972 -limited the number of nuclear weapons each superpower could have can scrap old weapons and make new ones
65
Stats for salt 1?
USA= 1500 USSR= 1550 ICBMs USA=41 USSR=42 nuclear subs
66
Helsinki Accords?
1975 -35 countries -discuss about protection of human rights -share medical knowledge -soviets had to sign
67
Apollo-Soyuz mission?
-1975 -US and USSR working together in the space race -slowed down the space race -shook hands in space
68
Easing of tension?
Sino-soviet split USA easy to make negotiations with China
69
Salt 2?
This agreement set equal limits for missile launchers and strategic bombs but left out Cruise missiles -1974 agreement stalled -1979 signed by Brezhnvev and Carter/ wasnt't ratified as US thought Soviets weren't limiting new weapons
70
Tension from 1977-1979?
USA increased cruise missiles Soviets upgraded their weapons
71
Causes of Afghan War?
-April 1978- Taraki (communist) overthrew Afghan gov -imprisoned and tortured muslims -Amin took over wanted to build relations with US -civil war broke out between Mujahedeen and commuinsts -Soviets didn't want US influence near them so invaded
72
Why did the US help Afghan?
Persian Gulf produces 65% of global oil
73
Challenges faced by the Soviets in Afghan?
-ill prepared for the mountainous landscape/tanks not suitable -mujahideen used their local knowledge of the surroundings -mujahideen more motivated/bigger cause -Gorbachev ended the war in 1988/ 15k died
74
Events of Afghan war? -beginning
25th Dec 1979- 50,000 USSR troops invaded 27th- Amin assassinated
75
Events of Afghan war? -middle
23rd jan 1980- USA involved -Carter Doctrine- USA woudl defend its oil in the Middle East with force -provided 32 billion worth of weapons/anti-aircarft missiles -CIA training -abolished most Soviet-US trade
76
Consuqeunces of Afgan war? -international
1980 Moscow olympics boycotted by US and other members of NATO 1984 Members of Warsaw Pact and USSR boycotted LA olympics
77
Consuqeunces of Afgan war? -money
Carter increased military spending by 5%
78
Reagan?
-1981 president -anti communist -increased spending on weapons to 1trillion
79
'Star Wars'
-SDI -1983 -Anti Missile protection -would've cost 60billion of tax payers money -USA in lead -USSR out of arms race
80
What else did Reagan develop?
Stealth bomber- invisible to radar NUTS- USA weapons target USSR warheads/ not cities Neutron Bomb
81
Gorbachev?
-1985 -Respected -inexperienced
82
Chernobyl?
-Gorbachev denied radiation leak -18 million roubles/ almost bankrupted soviets
83
Glasnost?
1985 openness .freedom of speech .end of censorship .freedom of travel .soviets pulled out troops of eastern europe
84
Perestroika?
1985 restructuring improve economy private business allowed foreign investment allowed
85
Geneva? part2
-1985 -meet for the first time -brings arms race to an end -nothing decided
86
Reykjavik?
-1986 Reagan wanted to get rid of all ballistic nuclear missiles – Gorbachev refused if SDI not dropped.
87
Washington?
-1987 -INF treaty signed -all mid ranged nuclear weapons would be scrapped -usa would scrap 900 ICBMs -USSR would scrap 1800 ICBMs
88
Moscow? Malta?
-1988 -discussions halted -relations still good -1989 -bush -cold war over
89
Poland?
sep 1989 communist gov defeated in free electrons
90
Hungary?
Oct 1989 free elections opened its border with Austria
91
Germany?
Nov 1989 berlin wall can no longer prevent East Germans travelling to West Honecker ordered troops to fire on demonstrators but the troops refused to shoot at their compatriots people start to tear down the wall
92
Warsaw Pact end?
Jan 1991 dissolved
93
Gorbachev's resignation?
-won nobel peace prize in 1990 -hated in Russia -Aug 1991 -Gang of 8 coup tried to remove him from power/failed
94
Dissolution of the USSR?
-25th Decemeber 1991 -Gorbachev retired

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