Cold war

Question 1

Who was the usa leader for the tehran conference

Answer 1

Franklin Roosevelt

Question 2

Who was the leader for the uk during the tehran confrence

Answer 2

Winston churchill

Question 3

Who was leader for the ussr during the terhan confernce

Answer 3

Joseph Stalin

Question 4

Main diffrences between the US and Britain compared to USSR

Answer 4

Ussr was a single party rule
Wheras uk and the us where free elections with a choice of parties

Economy and social structure the ussr belived in classless society everyone is equal and all property owend by the state not people

Whereas in the UK and France private ownership and a competitve workplace and some people have more power than others due to a family backround

Question 5

Signifcance of the tehran confernce

Answer 5

Was a rise of tensions between roosevelt and churchill due to roosevelt siding with stalin and not building the second front in the balkans but in europe also this was mainly discussed how they were going to take down Germany.

Question 6

When was the tehran confernce

Answer 6

Novemeber 1943

Question 7

What had stalin think about before going into the tehran conference

Answer 7

Stalin had arrived in Tehran concerned that the USA and Britain were
deliberately delaying a ‘second front’ against Germany so that the Soviet
Union could be further weakened by having to fight a fierce defensive war
in the East.

Question 8

How did america find out about the missile

Answer 8

On the 14th of october 1962 an american U-2 spy plans took pictures of what seemed to be launch pads for missiles

Question 9

Consequence of the tehran conference

Answer 9

Was how churchill felt threatend due to how roosevlet took joseph stalins side also how it sees uk as a bit of a threat.

Question 10

What were the reasons khrushev was quite thretand by jfk

Answer 10

In Europe, NATO had missiles based in Turkey, just a short distance from
the Soviet Union. Khrushchev believed it was time for the USA to feel
what it was like to be under threat.

Question 11

What year was jfk elected

Answer 11

1960

Question 12

When was kehusev elected

Answer 12

1958

Question 13

Who was the cuban leader

Answer 13

In 1959, Fidel Castro and had a strong relationship with nikita khrushev

Question 14

What were the thirteen days

Answer 14

The thirteen days was a series events throughout from the 16-28th october 1962 was the closest moment in the entire cold war to nuclear weapons being used

Question 15

16th october

Answer 15

Kennedy called together an Executive Committee (ExComm
for short) to discuss how the USA should react. ExComm met every day for
thirteen days, during which the world faced the threat of nuclear war.

Question 16

22nd of october

Answer 16

After several days of discussion, on 22 October, Kennedy decided not to
launch an attack. Instead he set up a naval blockade around Cuba. No ships
would be allowed to pass through the blockade without US permission.

Question 17

24th october

Answer 17

On 24 October, the Soviet ships reached the blockade - and turned around!
Dean Rusk, the US Secretary of State, told Kennedy, I think the other guy
just blinked!’

Question 18

26th october

Answer 18

n 26 October, when Khrushchev sent Kennedy a telegram offering to
remove missiles from Cuba if the Americans agreed not to invade.
Before Kennedy could respond, another telegram arrived on

Question 19

27th october

Answer 19

27 October,
saying Khrushchev would remove the missiles only if US missiles in Turkey
were also removed. On the same day an American U-2 plane was shot down
over Cuba. The Hawks* in the USA demanded military action, but Kennedy
refused to take that route.

Question 20

28th october

Answer 20

On 28 October, Khrushchev sent his
agreement.
We now know that Kennedy’s brother, Robert had met the Soviet
ambassador in Washington the day before and agreed to remove the Turkish
missiles. However, this part of the deal was kept secret.

Question 21

Consequences of the cuban missile crisis

Answer 21

In June 1963, a direct communications line was set
up between Washington and Moscow. This became
known as the ‘hotline.

Many missile treatys where formed as the 1963 test ban treaty was when prohibit the test of nuclear bombs in outer space underwater or in the atmosphere

Also in 1967 outer space treaty was formed the USA and Soviet Union agreed not to use Space
for military purposes. The treaty specifically ruled out
putting nuclear weapons into orbit.

Question 22

When was comecon

Answer 22

1949

Question 23

What is comecon

Answer 23

It stands for the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance.
was established on
25 January 1949, two years after the Marshall Plan
was announced. Its members were the Soviet Union,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and
East Germany. Albania joined the following year. Its aims was to strengthen its buffer zone through increased economic ties with the Eastern European nations.

Question 24

Berlin blockade

Answer 24

supplies every day and the British achieved a similar rate. In the peak month of
flying, January 1949, no fewer than 170,000 tonnes of supplies were sent into
Berlin by Western aircraft. This is called operation vittales. On 9 May 1949, nearly a year later, the Soviets gave in and lifted the blockade.

Question 25

Win berlin what east and west called

Answer 25

East was called GDR ( german democraric republic) Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

Question 26

NATO, 1949

Answer 26

April 1949, the USA, Britain, France and nine other Western countries joined together in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The members of NATO agreed that, if any member was attacked, al members of NATO would come to its assistance.

Question 27

The Warsaw Pact, 1955

Answer 27

the Soviet Union formed an equivalent communist defensive military alliance - the Warsaw Pact. The members were the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). These countries became known as the 'Eastern bloc'.

Question 28

The significance of the arms

Answer 28

However, Stalin instructed his scientists to work all-out to develop a Soviet atomic bomb and it was achieved by 1949. In response, the USA developed a hydrogen bomb in 1952. This was 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb and restored the American advantage. One year later, the Soviet Union also had a hydrogen bomb.

Question 29

When did stalin die and consequence

Answer 29

March 1953 the consquence of it was Stalin's death led to a temporary thaw in Cold War tensions. In 1955, Austria regained its sovereignty and became an independent, neutral nation after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country. The next year, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his policies at the 20th Communist Party conference.

Question 30

The Hungarian Uprising, 1956 pt1

Answer 30

During 1956 the people of Hungary began to protest about their lack of political freedoms and problems created by fuel shortages and poor harvests. October, there were riots in the capital, Budapest, and police clashed with protesters. Soviet troops restored order, but Khrushchev decided to replace Rakosi with Ime Nagy. He was a former prime minister who believed that within a communist regime, there should still be personal freedoms. Khrushchev hoped his appointment would end the protests.

Question 31

Hungarian uprising pt2

Answer 31

Within days of his appointment Nagy announced a set of proposed reforms. He reorganised the Hungarian government to include members of non- communist parties, ending the one-party state in Hungary. He also authorised the immediate release of many political prisoners and persuaded Khrushchev to withdraw Soviet troops from Hungary. Khrushchev was prepared to accept these reforms if they calmed the unrest in Hungary.

Question 32

Khrushchev's response to the uprising

Answer 32

However, on 1 November 1956, Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact. Khrushchev could not allow this. If Hungary broke away from the Warsaw Pact, other Eastern European countries might follow. Then the whole strategy of achieving security for the Soviet Union by surrounding it with pro-Communist governments would be under threat. Khrushchev therefore ordered a Soviet invasion of Hungary. On 4 November, 1,000 tanks rolled into Budapest. Supporters of Nagy put up a fight in what has become known as the 'Hungarian Uprising' and begged the West for support (see Source C), but no support came. The invading Soviet army acted with great brutality and it is believed that up to 20,000 Hungarians were killed as the Soviet forces re-established control. A new pro-Communist government was set up under Janos Kadar.

Question 33

Consequences of the hungarian uprising

Answer 33

Many thousands of Hungarians were arrested and 26,000 Hungarians were tried with additional imprisonments and executions as a result. Nagy was arrested and executed. He was replaced by János Kádár who crushed the remaining resistance.

Question 34

International reaction t o t h e Soviet invasion of Hungary

Answer 34

When Nagy had proposed leaving the Warsaw Pact, he and his fellow rebels expected support from the USA and other Western nations. Radio Free Europe, a US government-funded radio station, regularly broadcast messages urging the people of Eastern Europe to rise up against the communist regime. Since the US had offered financial aid through the Marshall Plan, people in Eastern Europe assumed they would be ready to help in other ways. Eisenhower was sympathetic to the Hungarians, and some NATO nations in Europe did take in Hungarian refugees, but no military support was offered to the Hungarians during the uprising.

Question 35

What was the usa belief

Answer 35

To contain communism

Question 36

What was the impact of the Hungarian Uprising on international relations?

Answer 36

The Hungarian Uprising made Khrushchev's position in the Soviet Union much more secure and gave him a stronger position in the Warsaw Pact. Members knew they must do as they were told. If they rebelled they could not expect military support from the USA. Khrushchev also became more confident in dealing with the USA because he now knew they were unlikely to risk taking military action.

Question 37

The USA intervenes in Cuba: the 'Bay of Pigs' incident

Answer 37

The CIA suggested that a group of Cuban exiles could be trained to launch an invasion and overthrow Castro. Sending Cuban exiles would make the attack look like a Cuban counter- revolution, so the USA could claim not to have been involved On 17 April 1961, an invasion force of around 1,400 Cuban exiles landed at the 'Bay of Pigs' in Cuba. The USA hoped they would topple the Castro regime and put a new US-friendly government in control of the island. The attempted coup was a complete failure, for reasons such as it was a 20,000 vs 1400 The USA and the exile army wrongly assumed that most Cubans would support them. But many ordinary Cubans felt happy with Castro and did not rush to lend their support. Due to the evidence such as wrecked areoplanes usa were caught and was a public humilation

Question 38

Who was czech leader of government

Answer 38

Alexander dubcek

Question 39

Prague spring

Answer 39

In 1968, Alexander Dubcek was elected as First Secretary of the Czech Communist Party - in effect, the head of the Czech government. The Soviet leadership approved of Dubcek and trusted him to make the government of Czechoslovakia more effective and less unpopular, while keeping the country completely loyal to the Soviet

Question 40

Prague spring pt2

Answer 40

Dubcek was committed to the Warsaw Pact and a devoted communist. He believed that communism was the right political path but should not make life miserable. A communist government should offer 'socialism* with a human face. He thought citizens should be able to enjoy life, express their views in public and speak out against Communist Party decisions they did not like, without fear of being punished by the government.

Question 41

The reforms Dubcek introduced

Answer 41

from April became known as the 'Prague Spring', after the country's capital. • Censorship was relaxed and criticism of government actions was allowed. • Trade unions were given wider powers and government control of industry was reduced. • More power was given to the Czech regional governments. • Trade with the West was increased. • Czech people were given greater freedom to travel abroad.

Question 42

Soviet reaction to prague spring reforms

Answer 42

On 20 August 1968, 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the 'Prague Spring. There was little opposition to the invasion. Brezhnev had ordered the Czech army to remain in its barracks, just in case it tried to fight back. The Czech people could do little against such a powerful force, though there were individual acts of bravery, such as blocking roads or attacking individual tanks. The invading forces were told that they had been invited to help restore law and order by the Czech government. They were shocked by the hostility they encountered. Which made communist unattractive

Question 43

What happend to dubcek

Answer 43

Dubcek was arrested, sent to Moscow and ordered to reverse his reforms. Then in 1969 he was dismissed from office and replaced by Gustav Husak. Husak was a hardliner loyal to Moscow

Question 44

Brezhnev docterine

Answer 44

movement in Europe. On 26 September 1968, the Soviet paper, Pravda, set out what was to become known as the Brezhnev Doctrine*. Brezhnev said that the actions of any individual communist country affected all communist countries. So if one country's actions threaten other countries, then it was the duty of those countries to take steps to stop those actions. And will not be able to make reforms

Question 45

What were gorbechevs new ideas for the soviet union

Answer 45

Perestroika* Russian for 'reconstruction. It was used in the Gorbachev era to describe his programme for reorganising and restructuring the Soviet state. Glasnost* Russian for'openness' or 'transparency'. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was used to describe Gorbachev's new, more open, attitude to government and foreign relations.

Question 46

Gorbachev's new thinking in action

Answer 46

During the first four years of Gorbachev's leadership of the Soviet Union, significant steps were made to bring about further limitations on nuclear weapons.

Question 47

Consequences of gorbechevs new thinking

Answer 47

Where a series of summits the most important ones such as Reykjavik Summit October 1986 which was discussed how nuclear weapons shall be put to a stop but nothing was agreed due to america not wanthing to lose sti but relations improved Washington summit 1987 whcih was were theinf treaty was agreed which is both countriesnwould abloish all land based misssiles with a range of 500-5000k

Question 48

What was agreed at potsdam

Answer 48

The big three plus france would divide germany and Berlin between them

Question 49

What was the iron curtain speech about

Answer 49

Demonstartes the breakdown of the grand alliance

Question 50

What was the long telegram in (February 1946)

Answer 50

• Issued to President Truman about the USSR. • It said that Stalin had given a speech in favour of the destruction of capitalism. • It warned of the USSR trying to weaken and divide Western powers, while building the strength of its own military.

Question 51

What was the novikov telegram

Answer 51

• Issued to Stalin about the USA. • The report claimed that the USA was pursuing world supremacy. • It warned that the USA was trying to limit the influence of the USSR in Europe.

Question 52

What is the Truman docterine

Answer 52

The USA pledged to support any nation threatened by a communist takeover. This support could be diplomatic, military or financial. For example, the USA gave $400 million of aid to Turkey and Greece to stop communism spreading.

Question 53

Whats the marshall plan

Answer 53

This promised $17 billion of aid to European countries to help rebuild their economies — the areas of Germany under Western occupation benefited massively. Stalin, however, ordered all of his satellite states to reject the plan. He believed the USA was using economic incentives to lure Eastern European states away from the USSR.

Question 54

What was the aftermath of the berlin blockade

Answer 54

When it became clear that the West was determined not to withdraw from Berlin, Stalin had to lift the blockade. It was also clear that Germany would remain divided. 2) In 1949, two separate states were formed - West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) and communist East Germany (German Democratic Republic).

Question 55

Truman doctrine list of if they can help

Answer 55

Countries faced a choice between communism USA must try contain the spread of comunismm or capitilism

Question 56

What was the arms race

Answer 56

1) During the Cold War, the USA and the USSR worked to develop the most powerful weapons they could - there was an arms race. 亿 Neither side really wanted to use these weapons, but both felt the other couldn't be allowed to gain an advantage. The fear was that if either gained a significant military advantage, that country might be tempted to trigger a war to take advantage of it.

Question 57

Comniform

Answer 57

Cominform stood for the Communist Information Bureau. Stalin set it up in 1947. The bureau organised all the communist parties in Europe and arranged their leadership so they would do what Moscow Come Econd It wa Mars Key told them to. Key points: Cominform got rid of any opposition to the Soviet Union's control in satellite states. It encouraged communist parties in Wester countries to block Marshall Plan assistance.

Question 58

Consequence of NATO

Answer 58

The Soviet Union therefore turned to strengthening its control over Eastern Eurce, resulting in the formation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955.

Question 59

Whats destalinislation

Answer 59

Destalinisation meant that the Soviet Union no longer saw itself as a dictacorship Instead it became a one-party state, governed by the Politburo with Khrushchev as its leader. Many Hungarians mistakenly believed that the end of Stalin's rule would bring an end to communism in Hungary, especially as Soviet troops had already withdrawn from reighbouring Austria,

Question 60

Who was the leader of cuba

Answer 60

Fidel castro

Question 61

Arms race timelime

Answer 61

Usa developed a atomic bomb during the second world war Then in 1949 succeeded in exploding its own atomic bomb Than the ussr had followed with its own hydrogen bomb in 1955

Question 62

Arms race part 2

Answer 62

In 1957, the Soviets test-fired the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), which could strike the USA after being launched from within the USSR, and which was virtually unstoppable. The USAs Atlas ICBM was launched later the same year, and the USA quickly increased its stock of these missiles until it had a significant advantage over the USSR Then the USSR began catching up again, as American resources were diverted into a war in Vietnam.