Cold War

Question 1

Conference 1

Answer 1

Where /when :Tehran 1943
Who : Churchill , Stalin and Roosevelt.
Why : reach agreements on fighting ww1 + grand alliance

Immediate effects - fight against hitler in Europe and USSR would declare war on Asia. Poland was disagreed upon

Cold War impact - Tension over second . Stalin felt that he was doing all the fighting. 20 million dead Russians as west front was slow

Question 2

Conference 2

Answer 2

Where / when : Yalta 1945
Who : Churchill , Stalin and Roosevelt.
Why : likely to win war had it make after war plan

Immediate effects : some agreements made alliance strong. Disagree over Poland. Disagree about Germany fines. Did work together though.

Cold War impact : democracy after ww11 was agreed but this meant different things to them. The alliance was only held together by their common enemy

Question 3

Conference 3

Answer 3

Where / when Potsdam 1945
Who : Stalin , Truman , Attlee
Why : hitler had been defeated so to assure peace after war

Immediate effects : Germany was divided and so was Berlin
West was controlled by UK , US and France. East was controlled by Soviet Union. Reparations were not to heavy - USSR took more from their zones. $20 billion given to the USSR from Germany

Cold War impact :
Leaders were different - Attlee inexperienced and Truman was tough on Stalin

The atomic bomb had made Stalin defensive , suspicious and paranoid
WW11 was over so they had no common enemy

Question 4

Truman doctrine and marshal plan

Answer 4

1947
The USA would help rebuild Europe
Gave $17 billion in aid
Including 400 million In military aid to Greece and Turkey

Question 5

What was Trizonia

Answer 5

USA , UK and France combining their zones in Germany. They created a new currency Deutsche Mark. This resulted in west and east Germany
1948

Question 6

Berlin blockade

Answer 6

Stalin blocked the pathway to Berlin in an attempt to humiliate the leaders of trizonia as they Would be forced to give it up because the people were running out of basic needs.

Question 7

Berlin airlift

Answer 7

1948 - “Operation Vittles”
1,000 tonnes of basic needs delivered per day by US pilots
January 1949 - 170,000 tonnes in one month
1949 - Stalin removeed
Plane every 4 minutes
Candy bomber
3 airports

Question 8

Causes of the Hungarian uprising

Answer 8

Rakoski - cruel and brutal. He killed opponents and imprisoned 200000

October 1956 - riots in Budapest and Stalin statue was torn down

Nagy became PM - made big reforms including a free speech , free elections and shut down the AVO ( secret police )

Khrushchev accepted the reforms initially but then Nagy asked to leave the Warsaw Pact of 1955

Question 9

Hungarian uprising events

Answer 9

1000 soviet tanks
2000 Hungarians killed
20000 wounded
200000 refugees fled to Austria
80000 fled to USA
USA did nothing
1956

Question 10

Hungarian uprising consequences

Answer 10

Nagy arrested taken to Moscow and executed
New leader was the strict Janos Kadar
Condemned by USA and UN but nothing more
1956 olympics in Melbourne was boycotted by Spain , Netherlands and Sweden in protest

Question 11

Prague spring causes

Answer 11

Alexander Dubcek became leader of czechoslovakia in 1968
- made reforms which allowed freedom of speech , travel and ended censorship
- wanted czechoslovakia to be communist but wanted a socialist nation with a human face
- reassure Brezhnev that they wouldn’t leave the Warsaw pact of 1955

Question 12

Prague spring events

Answer 12

Brezhnev told dubcek his actions and reforms were to far but dubcek did nothing

Czechoslovakia was invaded by 500000 Warsaw pact troops

Dubcek told Czech people not to fight. They threw flowers instead.

Less than 100 were killed

Jan Palach - day him self on fire and died in protest

Dubcek was arrested and sent to Moscow

Question 13

Prague spring consequences

Answer 13

Dubcek forced to sign the Moscow protocol which reversed his reforms. He was replaced by the strict Gustav Husak.

Brezhnev doctrine - no country will leave the Warsaw pact

USA did not get involved but condemned actions

Question 14

Causes of the Cuban revolution

Answer 14

Fed up with American influence in Cuba
Cubans were poor and wanted freedom
USA controlled industry

Question 15

Cuban revolution events

Answer 15

1959
Fidel Castro and Che Guevara leads a revolution to takeover Havana and nationalise us businesses

They stopped trading with USA and started trading sugar and tobacco with USSR

Question 16

Consequences of the Cuban revolution

Answer 16

Cuba is eventually communist
Cuba allied to USSR
USA worried about Cuba
Missile crisis
Bay of pigs

Question 17

Causes of the bay of pigs

Answer 17

Kennedy did not want a communist ally close to American territory

Question 18

Bay of pigs event

Answer 18

1961
Kennedy sends 1400 Cuban exiles to land on Cuba
20000 Cuban soldiers outnumbered them
They failed to gain support of Cuban people

Question 19

Bay of pigs consequences

Answer 19

USA humiliated
Kennedy looks weak
USSR and Cuba become closer
Cuban missile crisis

Question 20

Cuban missile crisis causes

Answer 20

USSR were arming Cuba
USA could not allow this direct threat and they were scared

Question 21

Cuban missile crisis events

Answer 21

USA spy on missiles in Cuban with the U2 spy plane
USSR are sending more missiles
USA put a 400 mile blockade around Cuba
1962
USSR turn ships around JFK vs Khrushchev
World very close to war for 15 days

Question 22

Consequences of the Cuban missile crisis

Answer 22

Hotline
Test ban treaty
Khrushchev sacked
Fear
Countries to avoid war
Detente

Question 23

Causes of detente

Answer 23

To avoid nuclear war between USA and USSR
MAD
Run out of money

Question 24

Detente events

Answer 24

A peaceful period in the Cold War 1969-1979
Brezhnev and Nixon met in Moscow (1972)
Apollo Soyuz - space meeting
Summits and treaty’s

Question 25

Consequences of detente

Answer 25

Less nuclear weapons Better relations Easing of tension USSR weakened by USA working around SALT 1 and Helsinki accords

Question 26

SALT 1 causes

Answer 26

To reduce the number of nuclear weapons making the world safer

Question 27

SALT 1 events

Answer 27

USA & USSR Nixon and Brezhnev USA = 1054 ICBMs USSR = 1618 ICBMs Both = 740 SLBMs Limit submarines They set out rules for use USA have better , strategic bombers so USSR get more ICBMs

Question 28

Consequences of SALT 1

Answer 28

Less nuclear weapons USA developed better missiles More detente

Question 29

Helsinki accords causes

Answer 29

Detente

Question 30

Helsinki accords events

Answer 30

NATO + Warsaw pact 1975 3 baskets created European borders , international cooperation , human rights Signed by 35 nations

Question 31

Helsinki accords consequences

Answer 31

Apollo Soyuz space meeting Trade between USA and USSR grain bought by USSR Better relations More detente USSR will become more reliable on USA USSR will not be able to stick to human rights

Question 32

SALT 2 causes

Answer 32

To resolve any issues not covered in salt 1 Detente

Question 33

Salt 2 events

Answer 33

Carter , Brezhnev 1979 To complicated and never got signed

Question 34

Salt 2 consequences

Answer 34

Detente ends

Question 35

Geneva summit

Answer 35

1985 Reagan and Gorbachev meet Eased tension and Reagan and Gorbachev got along and saw this as an opportunity to end the Cold War

Question 36

INF treaty

Answer 36

1987 Removed all missiles that had a 500-5500km range (Intermediate-Range Nuclear forces) This worked better than salt 1

Question 37

Gorbachev’s new thinking

Answer 37

1985 - Gorbachev became leader of the USSR - he recognised the economy was failing - new the USSR could not compete with the USA - Glasnost (openness) people had more freedom to say what they really thought - Perestroika (restructuring) meant a new way of doing things - Improved foreign relations - reduced army by 500 - Sinatra doctrine removed Brezhnev doctrine ( Sinatra doctrine alluded to the song by frank Sinatra my way)

Question 38

Reagan and the second Cold War Why did the relations deteriorate

Answer 38

1979-84 The Olympic boycotts (1980 Moscow and 84 LA) Reagan was very anti communist SDI Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Question 39

What was Reagan’s SDI

Answer 39

Strategic Defence Initiative ‘Star wars’ in march 1983 Plan to have lasers , satellites and mirrors in space to destroy Soviet missiles This would defeat the MAD strategy as the USA would have a huge advantage

Question 40

What were the consequences of SDI

Answer 40

Damaged East-West relations Soviet Union argued that It broke the 1967 outer space treaty Soviet negotiators walked out of arms control talks in Geneva 1983

Question 41

Causes of the fall of the Berlin Wall

Answer 41

1989 Gorbachev ends the Brezhnev Doctrine by the Sinatra Doctrine 1989 Hungary opens its borders to East Germans which means you could effectively travel to west Germany The eastern bloc breakup as Gorbachev announces those countries can go their own way

Question 42

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Answer 42

1989 Gunter Schabowski ( he was an East German Politician ) announced that East Germans could travel to west Germany that night 9 November huge crowds gathered and the wall was knocked down David hasselhoff performed his song looking for freedom

Question 43

Consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall

Answer 43

End of the Warsaw pact 1991 Soviet troops withdrew from Eastern Europe 1990 onwards NATO expanded to countries formerly in the Warsaw pact Hungary and Poland End of the Cold War Collapse of the USSR

Question 44

Collapse of the USSR 1989-1991

Answer 44

Breakup of the eastern bloc meant many countries had revolutions to remove communist governments - Czechoslovakia (velvet revolution Havel becomes president), Bulgaria (zhivkov removed and replaced by mladenov) Romania (1,100 died)( violent ) Baltic states left USSR - Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania all announcing independence 1990-91 25 December 1991 Gorbachev resigned as president and announced dissolution of the Soviet Union Many people felt he had betrayed communism

Question 45

Afghanistan war

Answer 45

1979 USSR invade Afghanistan because they are afraid of Islamic uprisings Soviets enter Afghan claimed to support Amin but he was Assassinated 3 days later (most likely but Soviets) replaced by Babrak Kamal (pro-Soviet) USA fund the Mujaheddin giving them training and weapons USSR spend 10 years fighting Kamal opponents USSR have huge loses 333 airplanes shot 1/10 become alcoholics

Question 46

Why did the Afghanistan war start

Answer 46

1978 Pro - Soviet government took control of Afghanistan and received economic aid from Moscow. Pro - Soviet government toppled when Amin staged a coup. Brezhnev acted when rumours of Amin talking with US Iran revolution in 1979 so Afghanistan became important buffer between Soviet and Muslim Fundamentalism

Question 47

America in Afghan war

Answer 47

Carter doctrine 1980 Jan Us would repel by force if necessary Fund mujaheddin

Question 48

Consequence of Afghanistan

Answer 48

Detente over Second Cold War began Reagan new us president Olympic boycotts of 1980 Moscow by US , then Los Angles 1984 by USSR

Question 49

Berlin refugee crisis

Answer 49

1953-58 3 million refugees migrated from east to west Germany This is because they could get paid more in the richer west Germany

Question 50

Consequences of the Berlin refugee crisis

Answer 50

Brain drain (east Germany had no highly skilled or educated individuals) USSR tried to stop the migration at various conferences Communism looks weak Berlin Wall JFK increases defence spending

Question 51

Building of the Berlin Wall

Answer 51

1962 165km long wall built by Khrushchev

Question 52

Consequences of Berlin Wall

Answer 52

Families split / people die JFK goes to West Berlin and calls himself a Berliner (donut) Symbol of the Cold War locked in place Germany divided until 1989

Question 53

Olympic boycotts

Answer 53

Due to Afghanistan war 1980 Moscow USA and 60 other nations boycotted 1984 LA USSR + 15 Warsaw Pact and communist countries boycotted

Question 54

Kennan Long and Novikov Telegrams

Answer 54

George Kennan USA ambassador on Feb 22 1946 said that USSR were aggressive and would spread communism to destroy capitalism Nikolai Novikov ambassador for USSR on feb 27 1946 said USA were going to use their weapons to dominate the world

Question 55

Consequences of the telegrams

Answer 55

Both suspicious that the other would take over land by invasion Started the Cold War in Europe Stalin took control of Eastern Europe USA containment (Truman doctrine and marshal plan)

Question 56

Cominform

Answer 56

Stalins version of the Truman doctrine and marshal aid Communist Information Bureau Made buffer communist parties under USSR control

Question 57

Comecon

Answer 57

The council for mutual assistance Was meant to give aid/money to Eastern Europe countries But it meant USSR could control their economies and force them into specialism

Question 58

Consequences of cominform and comecon

Answer 58

No buffer state could take marshal aid Any countries who did not follow USSR’s plans were purged like Tito in Yugoslavia 1948 Strengthened stalins grip on Eastern Europe USSR looked weaker as Eastern European countries were economically worse so lead to the Berlin crisis

Question 59

NATO

Answer 59

USA 1949 defence treaty 21 nations to contain communism

Question 60

Consequences of NATO

Answer 60

Stalin saw it as aggressive against the USSR so formed the Warsaw pact Increased the divide in Europe

Question 61

Arms race

Answer 61

From 1945-onwards Both USA and USSR 1949 USSR got their first atomic bomb Race to get atomic bombs then H bombs then ICBMs (which can fire up to 4,500km) Each time USA developed first follower by the USSR

Question 62

Consequences of the arms race

Answer 62

Increased nuclear power of both nations More tension Would eventually bankrupt the USSR MAD principle

Question 63

Summit meetings 1959-61

Answer 63

Eisenhower and Khrushchev then later Kennedy and Krushchev Talked about Germany / Berlin and Cuba Geneva summit - set the stage for more talks (1959) Camp David summit (1959) - addressed Berlin crisis Paris summit (1960) - focused on the U2 spy plane being shot down over Soviet territory and USA refused to accept responsibility so negotiations broke down Vienna conference (1961) - spoke about the Berlin ultimatum with Khrushchev asking for western troops to be removed and Kennedy rejected

Question 64

Consequence of the summits 1959-61

Answer 64

Berlin Wall built Increased tension Cuba escalated