Cold War Flashcards by Eli Blewncowe

The Tehran Conference

Nov-Dec 1943
- USA and Britain open up a second front
- Soviet Union declare war on Japan when
Germany defeated
- Boundaries of Poland moved
- International body would be set up to settle disputes between countries - UN

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The Yalta Conference

February 1945
- Germany would be reduced, divided and demilitarised
- Countries would have democratic elections
- The UN would be set up
- Soviet union would declare war on Japan once Germany defeated
- Poland would be in the ‘Soviet sphere of influence’ but run democratically

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The Potsdam Conference

July-August 1945
- A Council of Foreign Ministers set up to organise rebuilding of Europe
- Nazi part banned and war criminals prosecuted
- Germany reduced in size and divided into four zones of occupation
- Soviet Union to receive 25% of outputs from three other zones

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Germany surrendered

March 1945

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The Long Telegram

1946
- Secret report from US ambassador Kennan in Moscow to President Truman
- Soviet Union saw capitalism as a threat to communism that had to be destroyed
- Soviet Union was building military power
- Peace was not possible

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Novikov Telegram

1946
- Report from Novikov, Soviet ambassador to the USA to Stalin
- The USA wanted world domination and was building up military strength
- The Soviet Union was the only country that could stop them
- The USA was preparing its people for war

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Truman Doctrine

1947
- Countries faced a choice between capitalism and communism
- Communism was bad as it meant people could not be free
- The USA must contain the spread of communism
- The USA should provide money and troops to help free governments and combat the spread of communism

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The Marshall Plan

1947
- About $13 billion from USA to help rebuild Europe
- Combatted the appeal of communism
- Countries must trade with the USA to get the money
- The Soviet Union criticised the Marshall plan as they saw it as an attack as it threatened communist control

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Cominform

1947
- Communist Information Bureau
- Cominform got rid of opposition to the Soviet Unions control in satellite states
- Encouraged communist parties to block Marshall plan assistance

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Comecon

1949
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
- Alternative to Marshall plan
- Built up trade links between Comecon countries
- It also prevented Comecon countries signing up to the Marshall Plan
- Included German Democratic Republic from 1950

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

1949
- Military alliance made up of the USA, Britain, Canada, Holland, Belgium, France, Denmark, and Norway, West Germany joined in 1955
-Collective security
- Showed that after the Berlin Blockade the Western governments were not prepared to take future Soviet aggression

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Berlin Blockade

June 1948
- Soviet Union closed all travel links into West Berlin
Reasons
- Bizonia - January 1947
- Better economy in West Berlin
- Creation of the Deutschmark
-

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Berlin Airlift

26th June 1948 - 30th September 1949
- Thousands of tonnes of supplies flown into Berlin through air corridors

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Warsaw Pact

May 1955
- Followed West Germanys entry into NATO
- Now two opposing alliances across the ‘Iron Curtain’

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Soviet Invasion of Hungary

November 1956
- Demonstrations in Hungary after a poor harvest meant Khrushchev put Imre Nagy in power in October 1956
- Nagy wanted reforms:
- Leave Warsawpact
- Hold free elections
- Un protection
USA condemned actions and in 1956 some countries boycotted Olympics
USA accepted 80,000 refugees

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Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum

November 1958
- Between 1949-61, 2.7 million East Germans crossed into West Germany via West Berlin
- Berlin belonged to East Germany and occupying troops had six months to leave

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Geneva Summit

May 1959
- Involved foreign representatives only
- No solution agreed

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Camp David Summit

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September 1959
- Eisenhower and Khrushchev
- No solution agreed but further meetings arranged in Paris

Paris Summit

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May 1960
- Eisenhower and Khrushchev
- Khrushchev stormed out because US spy plane shot down over Russia

Vienna Conference

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June 1961
- Khrushchev saw Kennedy’s inexperience as a weakness and reissued the Ultimatum

The Cuban Revolution

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1959
- Cuba had a socialist revolution
- Fidel Castro seized power
- USA refused to deal with Cuba

The Bay of Pigs incident

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April 1961
- Planes recognised as US spy planes and photographed - World knew that the USA had backed the invasion
- Castro knew of invasion in advance and sent 20,000 troops to meet the 1,400 US backed troops
-Castro announced communist and asked Soviet Union for military defence

Cuban Missiles Crisis

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October 1962
- US spy plane photographed missiles sites on Cuba
22nd October - Blockade of Cuba
28th October - Deal agreed missiles withdrawn from Cuba, Italy and Turkey
Consequences:
- Hotline agreement
- Limited Test Ban Treaty - 1963
- Outer Space Treaty - 1967
- Nuclear Non - Proliferation Treaty - 1968

Berlin Wall

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August 1961
- Khrushchev backed down
- Western powers stayed in Berlin
- Anyone trying to escape was shot - showed that people needed to be forced to stay communist

Prague Spring Reforms - Dubcek

April 1968 - 'Socialism with a Human face' - Loosen restrictions on speech and press - Reduce power of secret police - Democracy

Brezhnev Doctrine and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

August 1968 - Brezhnev had wanted to 'DeStalinize' Soviet control - This went against that - Any weakness in control could lead to breakup of Warsaw pact - Soviet Union declared the right to invade any Eastern Bloc country that threatened the security of communism

Détente

Late 1960s-1970s

SALT 1 - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

1972 - No further production of strategic ballistic weapons - No increase in the number of Intercontinental Ballistic Weapons - No new nuclear missile launchers - The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty limited both sides to two ABM deployment areas Effect: - Slowed down the arms race - Led to further negotiations - SALT 2 - Neither side had a decisive advantage

Helsinki Conference

1975 - All European Countries (accept for Albania and Andorra) as well as the USA, Soviet Union and Canada - Agreement on borders: East and West Germany accepted eachother officially - All disputes settled peacefully - through the UN if necessary - No country to interfere with the internal affairs of another country - Trade cooperation between the US and Soviet Union - Sharing of scientific and educational knowledge - Countries had to respect human rights (Soviet Union did not do this)

SALT 2

1979 - Under negotiation since 1972 - Based on the Vladivostok Accords 1974 - Brezhnev and Carter signed in Vienna 1979 - Limited to 2250 warheads Failed: - West German politicians opposed the treaty - US politicians thought it made too many concessions to the Soviet Union - US-Soviet relations soured after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979 - US senate never ratified the treaty

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

1979 - 1989 Background: - Soviet union saw Afghanistan as in its sphere of influence - President Taraki assassinated in the civil war and replaced with President Amin - Soviet Union felt its influence was threatened Invasion: - Brezhnev ordered Soviet troops to invade Afghanistan in December 1979 - Barbrak Karmal was made president and Amin was killed

The Carter Doctrine

January 1980 - The USA felt threatened by the Soviet invasion as they could gain control of Iraq and stop USA oil supply - President Carter threatened to: - Use force if Soviet Union took control of the Persian Gulf - Imposed economic sanctions and stopped trade - Funded the Mujahideen

The Olympic Boycotts

1980 + 1984

Reagans Strategic Defence Initiative and The 'Second Cold War'

Second Cold war - 1979-1984 SDI - Star Wars Plan - March 1983 - Soviet Union argued this went against the Outer Space treaty made in 1967

Gorbachev's New Thinking

1985 Perestroika - Restructuring Glasnost - Openness

Geneva

November 1985 - Gorbachev and Reagan meet and got on well - Represented the thawing of the Cold War - Led to greater cooperation - Led to arms control agreements

Reykjavik

October 1986 - Work to cut down the number of nuclear weapons they had - Gorbachev wanted to end Reagans SDI but Reagan wouldn't agree

INF Treaty

December 1987 - Continued discussions from Reykjavik - Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces - got rid of all of them that each Superpower had

End of Brezhnev Doctrine

December 1988

Fall of Berlin Wall

November 1989 - German reunificated - Soviet Union withdrew troops - Thaw of Cold War

End of Warsaw Pact

July 1991

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

1991 - Reduce nuclear warheads by about 1/3

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

25th December 1991

Cold War Flashcards

(43 cards)