cold war section 1

Question 1

when was the Tehran Conference

Answer 1

28 Nov-1 Dec 1943

Question 2

what were the desicions made at the tehran conference

Answer 2

1.Britain and Usa would open a second front by invading Nazi occupied France in May 1944
2.Soviet Union will declare war on France once Germany was defeated
3.A UN was to be set up after the war
4.Stalin was promised back the lands he lost to Poland
5.Ussr and america+britain will each have there own sphere of influence

Question 3

impact of the tehran conference

Answer 3

1.Eased tensions as before Stalin was afraid that USA
+UK were deliberately delaying opening up a second front to further weaken the SU but that was disproved
2.Stalin and Roosevelt good relations might create a position where the Big Three became the Big Two

Question 4

when was the Yalta Conference

Answer 4

4-11 Feb 1945

Question 5

what was agreed upon at the yalta conference

Answer 5

1.Stalin agreed to let Russian troops help America defeat Japan once Hitler had been defeated
2.’Declaration of Liberated Europe’ committed the USSR,USA,UK to work together for democracy in Europe
3.All agreed to set up UN commited to maintaining peace
4.Restated there sphere of influence agreement
5.Future Germany will be split into four zones later decided that Berlin will be split in four as well

Question 6

what were the disagreement at the yalta conference

Answer 6

1.Reperations for Germany.Stalin wanted to cripple Germany so they could never start a war again but Churchill argues that too harsh punishment would spirk up a war again.A figure of 20 billion dollars was put forward
2.Stalin promised free elections in lands Soviet army occupied but had no intention of doing so, just wanted to acquire more land
3.Disagreement of each allies version of democracy.

Question 7

when was Potsdam confernce

Answer 7

17 July - 2 August 1945

Question 8

what was the change in circumstances before yalta

Answer 8

1.Germany defeated in May 1945
2.Scientists in USA developed first atomic bomb
3.UN created in June 1945 in the Treaty of San Fransico

Question 9

who were the change in personnel

Answer 9

1.Roosevelt>Truman
2.Churchill>Attlee

Question 10

what did they agree on at the yalta conference

Answer 10

1.ban+dissolve Nazi party
2.free elections,speech and press
3.Germany split into four with France,USA,UK,USSR all getting a piece
3.Germany de-militarised.All German naval+merchant ships given to allies

Question 11

what did they disagree at yalta conference

Answer 11

1.Reperations
-an amount couldn’t be decided so they decided each ally will do what they want with the area they control.Unfair as USSR section was poorer than the West so they gave them a quarter of their industrial equipment in return for East German raw materials
2.Eastern Europe
-Stalin wanted control of Eastern Europe as a defensive measure but Truman saw that as an act of communist aggression
3.Atomic Bomb
-to assert his authority Truman deliberately delayed the meeting for America

Question 12

what was the war of words

Answer 12

Churchill’s Iron Curtain -March 1946
>’an iron curtain curtain has descended across the continent’
Stalins repsonse-March 1946
>’Mr Churchill and his friends bear a striking resemblance to Hitler and his friends.’

Question 13

what was the American secret telegram

Answer 13

Long telegram 1946-Truman
>reported that stalin has given a speech calling for the destruction of capitalism
>no peace with the USSR while it was opposed to capitalism
>they were building up there military power

Question 14

what was the USSR secret telegram

Answer 14

Novikov’s Telegram 1946
>America wanted to dominate the world
>After Truman died they no longer intended to work with the USSR
>American public was being prepared for war with the UUSR

Question 15

what is a satellite

Answer 15

a country that is officially independent but in reality controlled by another country

Question 16

three examples of satellite states

Answer 16

Hungary,Czechoslovakia,Poland

Question 17

Why did truman have an issue with Stalin having satellite states

Answer 17

Stalin had satellite states as a useful buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany to prevent Germany from invading them for the third time.But instead truman saw this as them tryna spread communism worldwide

Question 18

When was the Truman Doctrine created

Answer 18

1947

Question 19

What was the Truman doctrine

Answer 19

America would send troops + economic resources to help governments that were threatened by communists as communism should not be allowed to grow and gain territory

Question 20

When was the Marshall Plan created

Answer 20

1947

Question 20

What was the significance of the Truman doctrine

Answer 20

Ended Americas period of isolationism
Divided the world into two clear ideologies: communism and capitalism thus the unofficial end of the Grand Alliance
Shows America was committed to containment

Question 20

What did Comiform stand for and when was it made

Answer 20

The Communist Information Bureau 1947

Question 21

why was the marshall plan and truman doctrine created

Answer 21

The idea of communism seemed very appealing to countries who were economically struggling after WW2 as the ideas of sharing resources was very nice.So America wanted to combat that

Question 21

what was the marshall plan

Answer 21

the commitment of $13 billion dollars of American money to rebuilding the devasted economies of Europe.

Question 21

What did you have to do in order to qualify for the Marshall Plan

Answer 21

European countries had to agree to freely trade with America

Question 21

What did Stalin refer to the Marshall Plan as

Answer 21

Dollar imperialism.America buying influence of other European countries

Question 22

What were the initial reactions to the Marshall Plan

Answer 22

1.European countries met at the Paris conference in 1948 to discuss and many countries were keen to accept.However USSR outraged and walked out of meeting stating America was purposely trying to divide Europe into two camps 2.Stalin extended his control over Eastern Europe by creating satellite states

Question 22

Was the impact of the Truman Doctrine + Marshall Plan on relations

Answer 22

End of Grand Alliance Stalins suspicions of the West reinforced Successfully tied Western European countries into supporting the USA

Question 23

What was Comiform

Answer 23

An international organisation that represented the communist parties across Europe and brought them together under the direction of the USSR Also used to ensure the loyalty of Eastern European governments and this by investigating government minister and employees and removing all of those who were not totally loyal to Stalin

Question 24

What did Comecon stand for and when was it made

Answer 24

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 1949

Question 25

What did Comecon do

Answer 25

Minimised American influence in Eastern Europe + USSR Economically it ensured that the benefits of economic recovery in EE remained with the Soviet 'sphere of influence' >Bulgaria's trade with other comecon member increased form 10-90% in 1951

Question 26

What is trizonia

Answer 26

First known as bizonia , the zones belonging to USA,UK and France running as one zone They had their own constitution and currency called Deutschmark

Question 27

What was the issue with trizonia

Answer 27

Stalin was not consulted about any of this and saw this as the first step towards permanently dividing Germany

Question 28

Why did Stalin not want a divided Germany

Answer 28

Did not want to allow America to have even more influence over Germany Most of Germany's most valuable economic resources were in the West and feared that they would be used against the USSR in a war

Question 29

when was the berlin blockade

Answer 29

June 1948-January 1949

Question 30

Why did the Berlin Blockade happen

Answer 30

To prevent a seperate state Stalin

Question 31

what happened in the berlin blockade

Answer 31

Cut west Germany off from its capital so that the new government which was based in Berlin could not control its territory in western Germany

Question 32

What was the response to the Berlin Blockade

Answer 32

The Berlin Airlift

Question 33

What are some figures from the berlin airlift

Answer 33

America- 600-700 tonnes of food and supplies daily Britain-provided over 170,000 tonnes of supplies during Jan 1949

Question 34

How did the blockade make each side look

Answer 34

Truman=peacful Stalin=aggressive

Question 35

When did the airlift end

Answer 35

May 1949

Question 36

What was the consequence of the airlift

Answer 36

Seperation of East and West Germany

Question 37

What was west germany called

Answer 37

Federal Republic of Germany

Question 38

what was East Germany called

Answer 38

German Democratic Republic

Question 39

When was NATO created and what was it a consequence of

Answer 39

April 1949 consequence of Berlin Blockade

Question 40

What does NATO stand for and whats its purpose

Answer 40

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation a military alliance where all NATO agreed that should any NATO member come under attack then all NATO members would come to their defence.

Question 41

what was the importance of NATO

Answer 41

it was a military alliance with the specific aim of defending the west against the spread of communism

Question 42

When was the Warsaw Pact created

Answer 42

May 1955

Question 43

What was the Warsaw Pact a consequence of

Answer 43

After West Germany was allowed to join NATO

Question 44

What was the Warsaw Pacts important features

Answer 44

It created a joint command of the armed forces of the alliance. It set up a Political Committee to co-ordinate the foreign policies of the members. It bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression. This was no different to NATO.

Question 45

What was the importance of the Warsaw Pact

Answer 45

increased the influence of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and led to more Soviet troops being stationed there. the Pact quickly became a powerful political tool for the Soviet Union to hold sway over its allies and harness the powers of their combined military.

Question 46

Key figures in the arms race

Answer 46

1945-USA develops the atomic bomb 1949-SU create atomic bomb 1952-USA develop hydrogen bomb-1000 times more stronger than atomic 1953-SU develop hydrogen bomb 1957-USA develop ICBM(Inter-continental Ballistic Missile)-could fire nuclear warhead at a target 3000 miles away 1957-SU testing for its first ICBM

Question 47

Why was the arms race significant

Answer 47

it prevented a war in Europe as each side was scared of the other sides nuclear weapon.

Question 48

what was the change in leadership in 1953

Answer 48

truman-eisenhower stalin-kruschev

Question 49

why was Stalins death a turning point in the cold war

Answer 49

ended stalinsim-inordinately oppressing people

Question 50

what sparked the Hungarian uprising

Answer 50

Krushchevs Secret Speech 1956 where he promised an end to Stalinism throughout the entire Soviet sphere of influence

Question 51

How did people protest in Hungary

Answer 51

student rioted and attacked Soviet troops with petrol bombs and grenades.Despite the fact that it is illegal to demonstrate mass demonstrations took place in Budapest countries capital.Demonstrations> voilence,police lost control and similar protests began to occur in Hungary other major cities

Question 52

WHo did krushchev put in charge instead

Answer 52

Imre Nagy

Question 53

What were Nagys reforms

Answer 53

Hungary should leave the Warsaw Pact and become neutral. Communist government in Hungary should end. Hungary should become a Western-style democracy with free elections. Hungary should ask the UN for protection from Russia.

Question 54

What was the consequence of Nagy's reform

Answer 54

Ended alliance with USSR Invasion of Hungary with 200,000 USSR troops in November 1956,Lasted two weeks and around 20,000 Hungarians killed and another 200,000 escaped to Austria Nagy goverment destroyed

Question 55

Why did Krushchev respond with force

Answer 55

realised that if Hungary was allowed to leave the Warsaw Pact then other Eastern European countries might soon ask for the same thing. In fact, Khrushchev had access to secret information that said that discontent with communism was widespread across Eastern Europe and these reports reinforced his view that allowing greater freedom for these unhappy countries would mean an end to Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe.

Question 56

What happened to Nagy afterward

Answer 56

Nagy sought protection within the Yugoslavian embassy and although the Yugoslavian ambassador agreed that Nagy was free to leave Hungary, as soon as Nagy left the embassy he was arrested by Soviet troops. He was accused of treason and was found guilty in a trial, overseen by Khrushchev. He was hanged in June 1958 and following his execution Khrushchev stated that Nagy’s fate was “a lesson to the leaders of all socialist countries”.

Question 57

How did the SU reassert control

Answer 57

Janos Kadar became new leader He published a 15 point programme setting out his new government direction which included: -using Hungarian troops to stop attacks on Soviet forces -Remaining part of Warsaw Pact -Negotiating withdrawal of Soviet troops once crisis was over

Question 58

What was the international reaction to the Hungarian Uprising

Answer 58

Although America openly encouraged the uprising they offered no military aid to prevent the outbreak of nuclear war.Proved its commitment to liberating Europe from communism did not include military support.

Question 59

Why was the Hungarian Uprising important on public relations

Answer 59

The Hungarian Uprising made Khrushchev’s position in the Soviet Union much stronger and gave him a stronger position in the Warsaw Pact. Members now knew they must do as they were told. If they rebelled, They could not expect military support from the USA. Khrushchev also became more confident in dealing with the USA because he now knew they were unlikely to risk taking military action. Kruschev’s actions had further soured relations.