Collapse Of Burning Building Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
NFPA leading cause of firefighter deaths
A
Stress Responding in returning to fires in emergencies Falls Falling objects Coming into contact with objects Firefighters caught and trapped Burning building collapse
2
Q
Four factors that increase burning building collapse
A
Age of building, abandonment, lightweight construction materials, faulty renovations
3
Q
Unprotected lightweight steel bar joist
A
They fail when exposed to five or ten minutes of fire exposure
4
Q
What is the most common falling object at a structure fire
A
Broken glass from Windows being vented
5
Q
The study of building collapse shows that
A
Number 1 floor collapse
Number-2 roof collapse
Number 3 wall collapse
Number 4 ceiling collapse
6
Q
Balloon Construction
A
Exterior walls have studs extending continuously from the structures Foundation sale to the top plate near the Attic concealed spaces within those studs creates fire smoke and heat from the Selma area to the Attic
7
Q
Beam definition
A
A beam is a horizontal structural member subject to compression tension and Shear supported by one of three methods
Cantalever beam support anchored only at 1 end
Continuous beam support beam supported at both ends in at the centre greatest structural stability of the 3
Simple supported beam a beam supported at both ends But not the centre
8
Q
Braced frame Construction
A
Vertical Timbers call Post reinforce each of the four corners and horizontal Timbers called Gertz reinforce each floor Fasteners called mortise and Tenon joints connect them
During the fire this type of building will often fail and an inward outward collapse
9
Q
Buttress
A
Wall reinforcement of a brace built on the outside of a structure sometimes called a wall column on a masonry wall a buttress is a column of Bricks Built into the wall
A buttress constructed on the inside of a wall is called a pilaster
10
Q
Types of collapses
A
Curtain fall wall collapse- Exterior masonry walls drop like a fallen curtain cut loose at the top
Inward outward collapse -the wall breaks apart horizontally the top collapses inward the bottom collapses outward onto the street would brace frame constructions collapse in this manner
Other type lean over collapse, lean-to floor collapse, 90 degree angle wall collapse 10th floor collapse, the shaped floor collapse
11
Q
Coping Stone
A
Top masonry tile or stone of a parapet wall designs Cary offering water weighs between 5 and 50 pounds
12
Q
Corbel
A
Bracket for extension of masonry that projects from the masonry wall he can be a decorative ornament on the top of a parapet front wall or it could be used on the inside of a brick wall is it support for a roof beam end
13
Q
Facade
A
Front face of a building hey Marky, cornice, canopy and parapet wall that extends above the roof level
An ornamental facade parapet wall with a Decorative Stone corbel coping is one of the most unstable walls a firefighter will encounter
14
Q
Gusset plate
A
1/4 inch thick piece of sheet metal used to fasten lightweight wood trusses the points are 1/2 inch long that act as nails
15
Q
Hierarchy of building elements as far as collapse
A
From least to greatest seriousness of collapse
- Deck. Less
- Beams ,floor,and roof
- Girder
- Column
- Bearing wall. Great
16
Q
Interstitial space
A
I could seal space between floors used to contain large mechanical and electrical equipment the space can be up to eight feet high I contain a walkway for Access for maintenance
17
Q
Kips
A
One kip equals 1000 pounds
18
Q
Lintel
A
A horizontal piece of Timber stone or steel piece over an opening in a wall the lentil is a load-bearing structural element redistributes the load above the opening
19
Q
Loads
A
AXIAL LOAD-passes through the center of a structure and is the most efficient manner by which and load can be transmitted to a structural support
ECCENTRIC LOAD- load transmitted off center or unevenly through a structural member
Lateral load applied to an upright structure from a direction parallel to the ground example ladders
Torsional load and load that creates a twisting stress on a structural member when a large steel girder collapses at one end the other end experiences a torsion or twisting stress
20
Q
Load stress
A
Internal stress created by a load in a structural element including compression stress tension stress and shear stress a collapsed can a crow run a stress created by a load of Si Tu Lo Karen capacity the structural element
Collapse by compression stress is the failure of a steel column we can buy the heat of combustion
1 of Collapse by tension stress is the failure of fire weaken steel or wood hanger straps holding up a suspended ceiling
One of Collapse by shear stress is a collapse of a brick veneer wall breaking away from the cement bonding in falling in a curtain fall collapse
21
Q
Open web steel bar joist
A
unprotected open web steel bar joist can collapse after 5 to 10 minutes of fire exposure
22
Q
Pilaster
A
A masonry column Bond it too and built as an integral part of the inside of a masonry wall a pilaster can carry the load of a girder or Timber or it can be designed to provide lateral support to a wall
23
Q
Purlins
A
A Timber late horizontally perpendicular to support the common rafters of a roof
24
Q
Safety Factor
A
The quotient of the load that will cause a structure to collapse divided by the load a structure is designed to support
Most structural elements are designed with a safety factor of 2 or more
25
Truss roof beam collapse
Spaced farther apart then solid beams a lot of unsupported roof deck
The failure of one timber truss space 20 feet apart supported 100 by 100 foot roof can collapse 4000 square feet of roof
26
Fire resistive Construction
The major problem in a fire resistive building is the central air conditioning system every fire barrier in the building is penetrated because of the large system
An Air Supply Ducks penetrate a fire resistive wall and automatically closing shutter is designed to close the air inside the duck reaches a specific temperature the heat activated fire damper me stop Flames red but not stem the spread of smoke throughout the systems are ducks which is dangerous because three-quarters of all fire deaths United States are caused by smoke not playing
27
Type 2 non-combustible limited combustible Construction
The fire problem associated with this type of structure is the flat combustible asphalt roof deck covering that can ignite during a fire operations
Multiple layers of hot asphalt is mopped over the entire roof area combustible felt is placed over the roof also
The total weight of asphalt used between the steel deck in the insulation should not exceed 12 to 15 pounds per square feet of roof area
28
Type 3 ordinary construction brick in Wood joist
The major problem in an ordinary constructed building is the fire and smoke spread throughout concealed spaces. The voids contain combustible material like wooden, lath
The largest and most serious concealed space is the common roof space or cock loft the space above the ceiling in below the roof
29
Heavy Timber
For building to qualify as heavy Timber Construction wood columns cannot be less than 8 in thick in any dimension in the wood girder cannot be less than 6 in thick
The major problem of the brick enclosed Timber structure is the large wooden interior timber frame work
Advantage of not enclosing ceilings or Timber and plaster are that there are no concealed spaces no obstructions to the firefighters hose stream and no hidden Flames behind ceilings or walls
30
Type 5 wood frame Construction only one of the five that has combustible exterior walls
Wood frame construction has seven sides above the fire below the fire in the four sides of the fire the seventh side must be considered the combustible exterior wall
31
Type 1 Fire resistive construction collapse hazard
Two types of fire resistive construction's reinforced concrete buildings, structural steel buildings
Fire resistant buildings are the most stable but the collapse danger lies in the concrete
In reinforced concrete buildings heated concrete ceilings collapse on top of firefighters caused by spoiling the rapid expansion of heated moisture inside the concrete the pressure can cause heavy sections of concrete to crack away from the ceiling in collapse down
Structural steel built buildings the concrete is on fluted deck so when the deck is heated the concrete explodes the floor upward
32
Type 2 non combustible limited combustible Construction collapse hazards
The collapse danger to a firefighter from a non combustible building his roof cave-in the collapsing material and the unprotected steel open web bar joist
The open web bar joist is the main structural Hazard of non-combustible construction
33
Type 3 ordinary Construction collapse hazards
Has exterior bearing walls a masonry with wood floors in roof call Brick and joist
The structural has it of an ordinary constructed building is the parapet wall the portion of masonry wall that extends above the roof
The slightest lateral force will topple the bricks over into the street or back on the roof
34
Type 4 heavy Timber Construction Collapse hazard
Follow me sneer walls that crashed to the ground is break bahnsen chunks of bricks and mortar along the street or pavement are the structural hazards of heavy timber buildings
Withdrawal to protect exposures is a strategy used at a fire a heavy Timber construction when the initial attack fails
35
Type 5 wood frame Construction
The truck show Hazard of a wood frame building is the combustible bearing walls constructed of 2 by 4 inch wood studs
Failure of a bearing wall will trigger simultaneous failure of the floors and roof
36
Types of masonry wall collapse
A 90° angle collapse is the most common type of masonry wall failure that occurs at fires the Walthall Street out and the top of the collapse of wall strikes the ground a distance equal to the height of the Fallen section measured from the base of the wall
37
Masonry walls
Separate from the other enclosing walls at Corners where they intersect if there's no brick bonding of the intersecting walls but either overlapping brick bonding or metal reinforcing rods the wall May split apart at this point
38
Inward outward collapse
An example of an inward outward collapse is a masonry wall failure caused by the collapse of a bowstring Timber truss roof
39
Parapet walls
Are unstable because they are freestanding a freestanding wall is considered by Engineers to be the least stable of three basic types of walls because there's fewer connection
A parapet wall is a vertical cantilever beam a cantilever beam is supported at only one end
40
Marquee
And Marquee is a cantilever beam supported at only one end that is connected to the parapet wall
Another cause of Marquee collapse is overloading due to water buildup inside the Marquis
41
Canopy
The canopy is more of a collapsed danger than a marquis canopy is a cantilever beam like a marquis but it is lightweight and constructed of small pieces of wood or metal held together by bolts cables and small pieces of framework
The Marquee is one large continuous beam supported only at one end
The most dangerous type of canopy is a metal or wood shed suspended over a truck loading area
42
A cornice
Is a decorative horizontal overhang projected outward along the top wall of a building the corners can be defined as a portion of the roof extending out Beyond and exterior wall Corners is also a cantilever structure
43
Parapet wall collapse
Masonry parapet wall is one of the most dangerous walls that a firefighter can encounter at a fire
Because of the hazards of falling objects that most dangerous area outside of a burning structure is the sidewalk directly in front of the building
The most dangerous pure pit however is the one constructed as the front wall of a one-story structure above several large display Windows the sort found in supermarkets shopping malls in rows of stores this type of wall is also free standing
44
Parapet wall that is susceptible to Total collapse during fire fighting operation
Ornamental cast stone in decorative terracotta parapet walls are often attached to Steel reinforcement rod in angle iron making them the most susceptible
45
Parapet wall collapse facts
Firefighters must estimate the horizontal as well as the vertical collapse danger zone
46
Collapse of a parapet wall Dangers
Parapet walls often collapse during the OVERHAULING stage of a fire after the structure has been weakened and partially destroyed by fire in large calibre master streams
47
Ordinary masonry fact for collapse
Distance from the wall equal to 1 1/2 or twice its full height and bricks may bounce or roll further
48
Floor collapse
Floor failure is the leading cause of firefighter death by collapse
49
Hierarchy of floor collapse
The seriousness of a floor collapse depends upon the first structure to fail
A column failure is more serious than a girder collapse
A girder collapse is more serious than a beam
A beam is more serious than a deck
50
Types of floor collapse
1 floor deck may collapse where only the wood deck may burn through and collapse leaving the supporting joists intact
2 floor beam collapse were several floor joist fail causing a localized failure of a section of floor within a room is a DEADLY COLLAPSE
3 a multi-level floor collapse describes a progressive floor failure hear a floor collapse triggers the subsequent collapse of floors below in of one or more enclosing walls this is the MOST DEADLY TYPE OF COLLAPSE
51
Types of floor collapse continued
a multi-level floor collapse most often happens in a burning building that has columns and girder supporting floors
A building with a frontage of 25 ft or more usually has columns and girders
A building 25 feet or less can have floor beams supported by bearing walls on each side
52
A supported lean-to floor
Collapse can be caused by floor pulling away from a bearing wall
53
Unsupported lean-to floor
Can be caused by a bearing wall failure
54
A tent floor collapse
Can be caused by an explosion resulting in bearing wall failure followed by floor collapse
55
A v-shaped floor collapse
Can be caused by a center floor overload
56
A pancake floor collapse
Can be caused by the impact of a heavy falling object which makes several floors collapse
57
Managing the risk of floor collapse
1 floor deck collapse sound the floor
2 floor beam collapse use the reach of the whole stream
3 multi-level floor collapse withdraw firefighters
58
Floors collapse and time
The most dangerous time for floor collapses during the end of the fire in the Decay stage after it has been extinguished
59
Peaked roof collapse
Three most common types of sloping roofs are the gable roof the hip roof in the gambrel roof
The gable roof has sides sloping up from two walls
The hip roof has sides sloping up from four walls
The gambrel roof has two slopes on each of two sides with the lower slope steeper than the upper
The mansard roof has two slopes 1 each of four sides with the lower slope steeper than the upper
60
Sloping roof Construction
The truss roof has the largest area of unsupported roof deck
The plank and beam roof has the next largest area
The rafter roof the least amount making it the safest roof to walk on
61
Slate in and tile shingle collapse
Roof coverings two categories
Built-up roof coverings consists of several layers of material is applied to a roof for example tar and gravel roof
Prepared roof coverings have materials kneel to it slate tile asbestos wood asphalt
Slater tile can be 2 in thick and weigh up to 10 pounds
62
Dangers of slate and tile roofs
Is that they conceal a fire we can roof structure slate and tile considered fire retardant roof coverings or protect a wooden roof deck from Sparks or Airborne burning embers which land on a roof disaffect also slows any fire and heat in an attic from traveling upward
63
Truss assembly
The Timbers in a trust or join together by bolts which pass through the center of metal connectors the most common connector is THE SPLIT RING METAL CONNECTOR which is embedded in prepared depressions on the face of of Timber its purpose is to relieve the bolts of shearing stress
64
Trust Construction
Is the most dangerous Roof System that he firefighter will encounter it is known to collapse during the early stages of fire and it will often cause the subsequent collapse of the front or rear masonry enclosure wall of the structure
65
Hazard of a Timber truss building
In a Timber truss building the main fire would be in the roof structure not in the content below
Sizeup should be done in defense of strategy maybe taken if the fire is overwhelming
66
Strategy for a Timber truss roof not conceal by a ceiling
The fire strategy of a first arriving engine company at a Timber truss roof building without a ceiling should be to attack the fire directly with a large-diameter hose line a powerful water stream capable of reaching a distance of 50 ft will be needed to extinguish fire in the upper portions of the trusses
If the first hose line is unsuccessful after a few seconds firefighter should be withdrawn
If the first hose line is successful and controls the fire at floor level a backup large-diameter hose line should be stretched into the building this second hoseline should sweep the underside of the roof if necessary this technique will extinguish any possible secondary fire hidden behind the smoke and heat at ceiling level
67
Method for a firefighter to escape a bowstring trussed roof
If he goes 20 ft in a direction perpendicular to the failing Truss reaches the adjoining trust he may be temporarily safe
Firefighters attempted initial hose attack on a fire should be positioned behind a trust section next to the one involved in fire
68
House of worship firefighting strategies
Pre fire plan should be prepared for a house of worship identifying the type of long span Roof System usually a Timber truss over the building in the fire chief should recommend a defensive attack with emphasis on protecting nearby exposures and preparing for collapse
69
Collapsed dangerous place of worship structure
Studies have found the most unstable structures in a community are often places of worship
70
Aggressive interior attack on a place of worship
If the fire is too big in the exterior defensive attack should be done if the fire is extinguisher ball the first line should be taken to the seat of the fire the largest hole should be stretched to give the firefighter the most water power with the greatest reach a second large-diameter hose line should immediately backup the first
Soon as the Flames are not down the walls and attic should we check for concealed fire spread if two hose lines do not extinguish a fire in a place of worship firefighter should withdraw
71
Venting a church fire
The first venting should be limited to the windows on both sides of the church near the fire inside the building the opposite window should create cross ventilation
72
Wall collapse at a church hazards
If a wall sales the roof would lose it support and collapse onto the church or Temple floor because of the church steeple in the interconnections of roof inside bearing walls
EXPOSURES A,B,D SIDES OF THE BURNING STRUCTURES ARE MOST DANGEROUS DURING FIRE. SAFE SIDE OF CHURCH IS C -SIDE
73
Roof support systems
Non-combustible construction type to use steel bar joist for roof and floor construction this type of construction is designed for low Hazard occupancy such as dry cleaning
Horizontal ventilation of Windows and Doors in advance of holes lines as preferred in the situation
However the occupancy change the high Hazard content such as storage woodworking are flammable materials which can create a rapid-fire this type of steel roof Trust Construction will fail rapidly
74
Wood joist
The conventional solid wooden joist is the most common flat roof supporting member used in older ordinary constructed buildings
75
Corbel Shelf
A bean and that is simply resting on a corbel shelf functions fire cut beam that is it is self-releasing or unrestrained beam
76
Steel bar joist and C beam roof Construction
Steel start to distort and lose strength during a typical structure fire were Flames reach 1,000 to 1100 degrees
77
Fire protection methods
The best method to protect steel from a firefighters point of view is too in case it in concrete
78
Membrane ceilings
A fire retardant ceiling to separate any room and content fire from the steel roof or floor above
The metal frame holding the panels in the hanger rods not the ceiling tiles are the clap hazards to the firefighters
79
Hazard in a unprotected type 2 steel built building
Fireground Commander should consider a strategy of horizontal ventilation and defensive exterior attack
80
Spacing of lightweight steel bar joist
Open web steel bar joist can be spaced up to eight feet apart depending on the size of the steel used the wide spacing of the steel bar joist allows a firefighter to fall through a roof opening when visibility is poor because of Darkness or smoke
81
Causes of failure of unprotected Steel
```
4 factors
1 temperature of the fire
2 the load stress
3 the steel thickness
For the fire size
```
82
Temperature of the fire
Fire load the amount of combustible material which can burn includes combustible content and combustible structure
83
Danger to a firefighter in non-combustible structures
The principal danger to a firefighter in a burning non-combustible structure is that contains unprotected steel is this potential for early collapse
1100 degrees Fahrenheit is the failure temperature of steel steel will lose almost half 40% of his load carrying capacity
The high temperatures of a fire can also cause steel to expand can blow out masonry walls
84
Two important facts of the time temperature curve
1 within the first 5 minutes of temperature of the fire will rise to a 1000 Fahrenheit
2 at 10 minutes the temperature reaches over one-half the total temperature rise 1300 degrees Fahrenheit attained after 8 hours
85
Lightweight wood truss Construction
Connected by gusset plates that penetrate the wood to a depth of only quarter-inch to half-inch
Expected collapse of lightweight trusses are after about 10 minutes
Surface Fasteners which only connects the outer half inch of wood truss members main concern
86
Suspended ceilings
The most dangerous ceiling is a suspended ceiling it's been suspended ceilings are the most often found in three types of occupancies stores top floors of multi dwellings in renovated buildings
87
Suspended ceiling hazards
The part of a suspended ceiling that traps or pens a firefighter inside a burning building is the grid system or framework behind the ceiling sheathing the grid system is the heaviest part of the ceiling
88
Rescue of firefighters trapped the low ceiling collapse
The most important first step for the rescue of firefighters trapped beneath such a collapsed ceiling during a store fire is to sweep the collapsed area above the ceiling with the hose line and knock down the flames
89
Types of stairs
An L-shaped may be extended to a u shape that U return stair is the most often constructed with steel frame is the type of steer preferred in modern building construction
It reduces the amount of floor area needed for the stair enclosure there were five I adding a valuable floor space for a commercial or residential use
90
U RETURN STAIRS
Although the intermediate Landing collapses the most serious danger to a firefighter the failure of a stone stair tread or step is the most frequent cause of collapse of a u return stair
Found in masonry and closures are independent of the floor structure and will not collapse during floor failure
Some buildings contain in in a three or four sided masonry enclosure stairs that are supported by bearing walls the independent of the buildings floor structure
91
Exterior screened stairway
The safest type of fire escape the exterior screen stairway used as an exit from schools in theaters is enclosed by a high metal screen or railing and extends from the top floor of the building to the street by way of a permanent stationary metal stair
92
Standard fire escape
The most common type of fire escape found on residential buildings the standard fire escape is a series of metal balconies interconnected by narrow metal ladders
The stairs are very steep as much as 60 or 75 degrees
Falls in Step collapse are the most frequent causes of injury to firefighters
93
Wood frame building collapse
Braced frame structure frequently falls in the inward outward collapse
Warning signs a 90° angle wall collapse often signal by the corners of the falling wall splitting apart from the remaining walls
The inward outward collapse is the most dangerous because it is sudden it gives no visible warning signs prior to failure it may involve the collapse of two three or four wall simultaneously
94
Wood frame building collapse
Braced frame structure frequently falls in the inward outward collapse
Warning signs a 90° angle wall collapse often signal by the corners of the falling wall splitting apart from the remaining walls
The inward outward collapse is the most dangerous because it is sudden it gives no visible warning signs prior to failure it may involve the collapse of two three or four wall simultaneously
95
Braced frame wood Construction
Braced frame wood constructed buildings present the greatest firefighting Danger
The height of the structure affects its stability
96
Platform construction methods
Platform construction is the most widely used method of wood frame Construction
For my fire protection standpoint platform construction is superior to balloon or brace frame construction because there are no concealed wall voice that extend for more than one floor 3/8
97
Lightweight trusses
Uses sheet metal plates the penetrate 3/8 2/2 in into the wood
Documented failure of these trusses in 10 minutes of fire exposure
It is recommended that when a fire involves trust structure such as a concealed space of the floor or roof the strategy to be to strategy be to remove occupants in fight the fire defensively from the outside
98
Failure of braced frame buildings
When a braced frame wood Timber collapses it feels at the weakest points often the mortise and Tenon connection
99
Concrete floor collapse
Takes concrete 27 days to cure and mac strength
Cast-in-place concrete structures present the most serious fire and collapse hazard in suffer the greatest number of major fires Sears fire in a structure of this type most often involves the wooden formwork Timbers used to support the freshly poured cast-in-place concrete top floor
Strategy of this type of fire should be defensive use an outside Ariel master stream should protect exposure building from fire spread and extinguish the fire from a safe distance
100
Worker Shanty fires
Shanties are required to be non-combustible Construction in at least 30 feet from the building under construction
Should be considered a Target hazard
101
Formwork fires
The most serious of these involve the combustible formwork used to support a cast-in-place concrete floor
4 x 4 and 4x 8 sheets of plywood create a heavy fire load
Outside aerial master stream to extinguish this type of fire remove all firefighters
102
Fire protection systems
Law requires a vertical standpipe system to be installed in operating condition in any building under construction that rises above 75 ft or the 7th floor
Standpipe veryzer is supposed to keep Pace with the height of the structure usually being one or two stories below the most recently constructed floor
103
Aerial Master facts
Fox dreams with a delivery rate of more than 300 gallons per minute and solid stream nozzle of 1in 1/2 inches or more in diameter considered large caliber stream nozzles
104
Stream destruction
The most serious collapse danger of a large-caliber stream caused by large volumes of water discharged into a burning building one gallon of water weighs a bit more than 8 lb the average stream delivers 500 gallons per minute that's equal to 4000 pounds a minute
105
Collapse zone for aerial streams
The tip of the aerial ladder or platform basket should be kept away from a weekend wall a distance greater than the height of the wall above the bucket floor
106
Master stream close approach in Windows
When a aerial master to be used for a quick knockdown the master stream nozzle is most effective when place close the window of the building this close up position can give the stream deep penetration and its widest horizontal range inside the floor area
107
Search and rescue at a building collapse
Control and organization is one of the most important objectives of collapse rescue operations without it rescue and removal can become a mob scene
108
Incident command system the rescue
An operations officer is placed in charge of the two branches the firefighter Branch supervises a firefighting plan while another Branch supervises a collapse rescue plan
109
Collapsed search-and-rescue guidelines
1 secure the area
2 survey the collapse site
3 shut of utilities
4 remove surface victims
5 search voids and remove trapped victims
6 reexamine safety determine locations of buried victims
7 tunnel and trench to buried and trapped victims
8 begin rubble removal
110
Collapse rescue plan
Risk management in the safety of Rescuers is a major concern at a collapse rescue experience has shown that after removing surface victims and avoids the risk-benefit between fine and buried victims versus Danger to rescuer changes dramatically
After surface victim removal and void rescue 75% of the survivors have been found now danger to Rescuers increase in the chance of finding a Survivor decreases
111
Set safety size up
Incident Commander must order a site survey of six sides of the collapse site the four sides and above and below to size up the scene
112
Things needed in a collapse operation
During the initial stages of a collapse operation a victim tracking officer should be assigned to the planning team the victim tracking officer exclusive duty is to attempt to determine the exact number of missing victims those at first aid stations in the ambulance in hospitals and home and those possibly trapped in the rubble
113
Tunneling and trenching
During the tunnel and trenching digging firefighters use a pass along method to remove the material firefighters in the pass along method form a single line from the digging area out to the street where the rubble is being pile
114
Post-fire analysis
One of the most important sizeup duties of first in Chiefs and Company officers is located in the fire and determined its severity this information leads our foundation for the entire operation
115
Benefits of a post fire analysis
The greatest benefit occurs the chief officer doing the analysis he learned about firefighting strategy and skills of fireground Investigation in analysis or develop
116
The fire fact sheet
The post fire analysis may have to begin immediately at the fire has been extinguished
Two important facts of the fire analysis fact sheet are the point of fire origin in the cause of the fire
Lobster in command is responsible for determine the point of origin in the cause of the fire for the official fire record
117
Known fire spread weaknesses in the construction types
Type 1 fire resistive central air conditioning duct systems allow the spread of smoke heat and Flame
Type 2 a combustible roof deck allows the spread of flame and smoke throughout a non-combustible building
Type 3 concealed voids in spaces allow fire spread throughout ordinary constructed buildings
Large amounts of structural fire loading in combination with unprotected window openings create tremendous radiated heat waves which spread fire to expose buildings when heavy Timber constructed buildings burn
Type 5 combustible exterior walls with small horizontal separation between buildings allowed rapid fire spread between wood frame buildings
118
Collapse hazards of the five building types
Fire resistive concrete building stuff for a localized ceiling Collapse by spalling chunks of concrete
Secondary steel floor support beams of fire resistive skip steel skeleton building separate from the main girder at the connection
Parapet walls of ordinary brick in joist construction buildings often collapse near the roof level or at back
Fully involved burning heavy Timber constructed building suffer floor collapse followed by masonry wall collapse
Wood frame buildings upper bearing wall collapse with instantaneous floor collapse
119
Part 2 of the post fire analysis
After preparing the fire analysis diagram to identify on it the point of fire origin the area of fire damage exact positions of fatality hose line and Ladder placement in collapse in explosion destruction
Another important facts shown on a diagram
of a post fire analysis the position of all attack hose Ariel in-ground best master streams
Photographic documentation of a fire site is the third and most important part of a post fire analysis a post fire scene photograph is extremely valuable visual aid which can be used over and over again to train new fire ground Commanders
120
Cause of floor collapse
The collapse danger of a seller fire is the collapse of the first floor and long burning sulfur can feed on the underside of the first floor apartment arrival of the First Responders smoke and fire me involved the upper floors of a dwelling Hyde in the real origin of the blaze down in the basement or cellar
121
Basement fires
Most basements are unfinished there's no Cellar ceiling
In a finished basement with the ceiling the ceiling beer can give a floor supports 20 or more minutes of Fire Protection
A first-floor will collapse faster than second floor level or even attic floor if it is without ceiling protection
