College 2 - autism

Question 1

DSM definitions

Answer 1

A) 1. deficits in social and emotional reciprocity
2. deficits verbal communication behaviours
3. deficits in development of relationships, maintaning and understanding

B) 1. stereotyped/repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
2. having strict routine/rituals
3. fixed interests that are abnormally intense/focused
4. sensory input lead to hyper/hypo reactivity

C) symptoms must b present in early development

D) cause clinically significant impairment

E) impairment not better explained by other disorder/developmental delay

Question 2

phenotype in autism

Answer 2

observable characteristics of individual (behavioural aspects)

Question 3

males vs females

Answer 3

• research male based
• females with autism show deficits differently:
  > more social interaction
  > less face fixation compared to typical developing woman
• camouflaging > higher social motivation
• less externalizing, more internalizing issues

Question 4

genetic influence on autism

Answer 4

• autism is neurodevelopmental disorder & biased towards males
  > female protective theory: females need more mutations to express autism

Question 5

biological influence on autism

Answer 5

• different patterns of connectivity in brain
• differences in vsuospatial & language areas in brain
• differences in motor brain areas
  > gray matter paterns in motor cortex, supplementary motor area, cerebellum, fusiform gyrus & amygdala
  > girls with similar brain anatomy to boys showed similar deficits

Question 6

social cultural influence

Answer 6

• differing social environments for boys and girls with ASD
  > BOys will be boys, verstekt gedrag, girls should act lady like
• both girls and boys primarily socialzed with the same sex
• boys with ASD more rejected, girls more overlooked

> need to navigate distinct gender specific demands of same gender relationships (expectations that boys havee for boys, girls for girls)

different social environments > experience different social challenges
> different phenotypes

Question 7

results on social preference
(dean Michelle)

Answer 7

• girls nominate more friends in general
• girls with ASD more similar pattern to BOys with ASD
  > this differs significantly with non ASD girls & BOys

Question 8

results social acceptance ( Dean Michelle)

Answer 8

• girls with ASD & without: larger proportion female acceptance
• typical developed boys and girls have larger. proportion female friends nominations than children with ASD
  > girls with ASD get lesser nominations
  > boys with ASD do not differ sign from boys without

Question 9

salience & reciprocal ( Dean Michelle)

Answer 9

Boys and girls with ASD have less salient and recipriocal relationships than children without ASD

Question 10

rejection ( Dean Michelle)

Answer 10

boys more rejected (in general)

> ASD in general more rejected than normal

Question 11

results social attention - Ketelaars

Answer 11

• no differences in visit durarion to the screen (attention to screen) in girls with or without ASD
• fixation duration on faces higher in typical girls
  > both asd en non longer fixation to eyes than muth
  > ASD fixated lesser on face

social attention to mouth: women with ASD who lok less towards mouth, have more difficulty understanding social communication

women with more severe symptoms showed delayed first fixating on the face