colon ko na one Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What is colonization associated with?
A
Occupation of a foreign land, cultivation, and settlement of colonists.
3
Q
When does Western historical tradition place the date of the colonial phenomenon?
A
At the time of the Great Discoveries.
4
Q
Who received the Canary Islands as a fief from Henry IV, King of Castile?
A
Jean de Béthencourt.
5
Q
What historical events are linked to the expansion of Portugal, Spain, and England?
A
Discovery of distant lands in the West Indies and installation of trading-posts in Africa, India, and Asia.
6
Q
What term disappears from the historical vocabulary between the Roman era and the fifteenth century?
A
Colonist and colonization.
7
Q
Who wrote that colonization is essential to Russian history?
A
Historian M. Kliuchevski.
8
Q
What significant event interrupted the Russian incursions towards the Urals?
A
The Tartar invasion (1220).
9
Q
What territories did Novgorod colonists inhabit?
A
Matygory and Ukhto-Ostrov.
10
Q
What happened in 1169 regarding the principality of Suzdal-Rostov?
A
It provoked the secession of Novgorod’s colonists.
11
Q
What is the relationship between territorial expansion and colonization?
A
They are more or less synonymous.
12
Q
True or False: The history of colonization only starts with the Great Discoveries.
A
False.
13
Q
According to Arab tradition, when did European expansion begin?
A
With the Crusades.
14
Q
What unified the Mediterranean world under Arab Islam from the seventh century?
A
The fragmentation of the Roman Empire.
15
Q
What characterized the Christian response to Islamic expansion?
A
Crusades for the reconquest of the Holy Land.
16
Q
What significant battle marked a halt to the second expansion of Islam?
A
The battle of Lepanto (1571).
17
Q
What was Vasco da Gama’s declared purpose upon reaching Calicut?
A
To search for Christians and spices.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: The search for _______ was omnipresent during Columbus’s first voyage.
A
gold.
19
Q
What was one of Columbus’s aims besides finding gold?
A
The reconquest of Jerusalem.
20
Q
What was the significance of Mateus’s secret mission from Ethiopia?
A
To establish an alliance with Portugal against the Moors.
21
Q
What did the opening of a fourth route coincide with?
A
The beginning of significant exploration efforts.
22
Q
What pretext did he use to travel through various regions?
A
He bought pieces of Indian jewelry to send to Queen Eleni
23
Q
What significant discovery did Russians make while in Peking?
A
They discovered the riches of China and later India
24
Q
Who organized the first expedition to India in 1466?
A
Afanasi Nikitin
25
What strategic point became important during the displacement of trading routes?
Ceuta
26
What were the main factors contributing to the discoveries and colonization?
* Religious zeal
* Love for adventure
* Thirst for wealth
* Revenge by conquest
27
What was the impact of the conflicts in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries on trade routes?
They displaced great trading routes from land to sea
28
Which cities were seen as useful for accessing riches from China and India?
* Astrakhan
* Bukhara
* Khiva
29
How did the younger members of the Castilian and Portuguese nobility respond to their social status decline?
They joined wealth-promoting commercial enterprises
30
What demographic factor accelerated emigration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
The increase in the Castilian population
31
What was the significance of the battle of Alcazarquivir in 1571 for Portugal?
It marked the end of the policy of reconquest and crusade
32
What did the term 'amnesia therapy' refer to in the context of Portuguese history?
The glorification of discoveries which obscured earlier struggles against the Moors
33
What characterized the territorial greed during the period of imperialism?
The division of Africa between rival powers
34
What was the 'scramble for Africa'?
The competition among European powers to claim territories in Africa
35
What justified the practice of 'preventive' conquests?
The fear of losing territories to rivals
36
How did the concept of 'spheres of influence' evolve?
It was first formalized in the Anglo-German agreement of 1885
37
What two stages of expansion are evident in both the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries?
* Pioneering by traders and adventurers
* Government takeover of colonies
38
What were the primary impulses of imperialism?
* To colonize
* To civilize
* To spread culture
39
According to Jules Ferry, what is colonial policy a daughter of?
Industrial policy
40
What humanitarian argument justified colonial expansion?
The duty of 'superior races' to help 'inferior races'
41
Fill in the blank: The first French colony in Canada was a _______ conquest.
preventive
42
True or False: The imperialist expansion of the late 19th century was characterized by explicit political will.
False
43
What role did the army play in the colonial identity of Algeria?
The army identified itself with Algeria after battles against Abd el Kader
44
What was a significant change in the identity of newly acquired territories during imperialism?
They began to have distinct identities
45
What was a major turning-point for Great Britain's relationship with its colonies?
The victories of the Seven Years' War
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of a significant expansion and the acquisition of new territories.
46
What were the main reasons for overseas expansion according to Ferry?
* Humanitarian argument
* Nationalist argument
## Footnote
The humanitarian argument suggests a duty to help 'inferior races,' while the nationalist argument emphasizes the need to maintain influence against rival nations.
47
How did the British Empire change after the Treaty of Paris in 1763?
It became larger, more heterogeneous, and a military burden
## Footnote
The Empire's new territories included Catholic Quebec and Florida, which altered its governance.
48
What impact did American independence have on Great Britain?
It led to a shift from English colonies to the British Empire and increased reliance on Scottish loyalty
## Footnote
This change was marked by significant legislative acts like the India Act of 1784.
49
What was Great Britain's new economic need after losing America?
Markets and raw materials
## Footnote
This led to a search for new territories, including Australia and China.
50
What role did Mungo Park play in British imperialism?
He was tasked with exploring Africa to find new sources of wealth
## Footnote
His salary was contingent on the success of his geographic explorations.
51
What did Schumpeter argue about British imperialism in 1919?
Imperialism manifests a purposeless propensity to expansion by force
## Footnote
This reflects a shift in British policy towards aggressive expansion without clear objectives.
52
What was Disraeli's initial view of the colonies?
He referred to them as 'accursed colonies' and an 'albatross around our neck'
## Footnote
His perspective changed to support for imperial expansion later.
53
What was the public sentiment in England towards colonial expansion in the early nineteenth century?
Hostility towards colonial expansion linked to the slave trade and the formation of the United States
## Footnote
However, imperialism was still favored as it aligned with national interests.
54
What were Hobson's views on British imperialism?
He saw it as driven by organized industrial and financial interests seeking to control markets
## Footnote
Hobson viewed imperialism as a return to mercantilism.
55
How did Lenin's view of imperialism differ from Hobson's?
Lenin saw it as the final stage of monopolistic capitalist development
## Footnote
He argued that inter-imperialist conflicts were inevitable.
56
What key feature distinguished late nineteenth and twentieth-century imperialism?
It was more associated with financial capital than earlier forms of imperialism
## Footnote
This allowed for different expressions of imperialism beyond mere territorial conquest.
57
What was the significance of the Navigation Acts (1651) in relation to imperialism?
They established overseas expansion as a monopoly of the English nation
## Footnote
This set the foundation for state involvement in overseas enterprises.
58
What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on the relationship between mother countries and colonies?
It drastically altered the dynamics, leading to a widening gap in living standards
## Footnote
This gap grew significantly from 1860 to 1950, impacting the colonized populations.
59
What does the term 'imperial preference' refer to?
A global policy that emerged post-1929 crisis favoring imperial trade
## Footnote
This policy reinforced economic connections between Britain and its colonies.
60
What was one of the driving forces behind the Egyptian expedition in 1882?
To prevent the Egyptian rulers from defaulting on their debt
## Footnote
This was crucial for maintaining financial stability and British interests.
61
What characterized popular support for expansion during the imperialist age?
It persisted despite significant opposition and was bolstered by a popular press
## Footnote
The media played a crucial role in shaping public opinion about imperialism.
62
What was the gap in the standard of living according to Paul Bairoch in 1860?
1.9
## Footnote
The gap increased significantly over the years, reaching 5.2 in 1950.
63
What were the two important structural transformations brought about by imperialism?
* De-industrialization
* Non-food-producing agricultural specialization
64
What percentage of Indian exports did light cotton fabrics represent in the seventeenth century?
60 to 70 percent
65
How much more productive were machines produced by England compared to one Indian worker?
350 times more productive
66
What was the colonial situation in black Africa characterized by?
An opposition between the subsistence economy and the market economy
67
What did Henri Raulin observe about the Agni of the Ivory Coast regarding cocoa cultivation?
They initially opposed the cultivation imposed by the colonial administration.
68
True or False: The cultivation of cocoa was universally accepted among the Agni of the Ivory Coast.
False
69
What was the reaction of the Masikoro, Bara of Madagascar, and the Peuls towards cattle trade?
Selling cattle was viewed as a sign of degeneration.
70
Which two groups succeeded in cotton cultivation among the Peuls and the Barbara?
* Minyanka
* Senufo
71
What were the two types of colonization identified?
* Old type colonization
* New type colonization
72
What characterized the colonization of the old type?
Expansionist nature and free competition in capitalist development.
73
What linked the colonization of the new type to historical events?
The Industrial Revolution and financial capitalism.
74
What does 'imperialism without colonization' refer to?
Temporary dominance without settling colonists.
75
What was a common feature of decolonization after 1965?
Substitution of one political authority for another.
76
What phenomenon has persisted despite decolonization?
Economic bonds that perpetuate former dependencies.
77
True or False: All economic ties between former colonies and colonizers ended after independence.
False
78
What did the British view as their 'white man's burden'?
To civilize the world.
79
Who was Joseph Chamberlain, and what did he believe?
An imperialist who believed in the superiority of the British race.
80
What term describes the British perspective on indigenous populations?
Inferior culture
81
What legal act in India marked the control over designated 'criminal tribes'?
Criminal Tribes Act of 1871
82
What scientific theory was influential during the era of imperialism?
Darwin's theory of evolution
83
What did the British Empire claim to be the highest stage of social organization?
The British Empire
84
What did the British historians claim about the British Empire?
It was a historic fulfillment.
85
What historical development stages did British imperialists emphasize?
* City-state
* Feudal state
* Class state
* National democratic state
86
What did imperialism often promote in the mother country?
A disposition towards tyranny
87
Fill in the blank: The British Empire was seen as a ________ of the Roman Empire.
equivalent
88
What was the French Empire's claim regarding legal equality?
To apply the same law for all
89
What is a typical example of tyranny in the mother country?
The case of Ireland
## Footnote
Burke pointed out the example of Ireland as a representation of tyranny in the mother country.
90
How was the British Empire similar to the Roman Empire?
Both had dominions where citizens lived similarly to their home regions
## Footnote
An Englishman in the British Empire lived as a citizen like he would in Lancashire.
91
What was the French Empire's claim regarding its law?
It wanted the law to be the same for all
## Footnote
This claim conflicted with colonial settlers and vested interests.
92
What did overseas Frenchmen feel about their preeminence over natives?
They felt it was intolerable to justify it in the eyes of the mother country
## Footnote
This sentiment created tension between colonial interests and the French government.
93
What shift occurred in political life concerning imperialism?
The fate of local populations ceased to be the center of political life
## Footnote
Political focus shifted to colonial concerns like Fashoda or Bechuanaland.
94
How was colonial expansion viewed in relation to internal problems?
As a solution to poverty, class struggle, and overpopulation
## Footnote
Colonialism was flaunted as representing the common interest.
95
What did administrators or colonists in the colonies want to be seen as?
As a Frenchman or an Englishman
## Footnote
They aimed to belong neither to the Left nor to the Right.
96
How did race characterize the elite in colonial contexts?
It justified oppression
## Footnote
The elite defined themselves by race rather than by activity or social role.
97
What existed before the period of colonization regarding race theories?
Theories of race existed but were confined to a few and little known
## Footnote
These theories gained prominence during imperialism.
98
How did imperialism affect the dissemination of race theories?
It infused life into them and disseminated them widely
## Footnote
Imperialism made racist ideologies more mainstream.
99
Where else did racist ideology find application during this period?
In continental Europe
## Footnote
It generated a totalitarianism legitimizing the power of a superior race.
100
What did racist ideology legitimize in Europe?
The total power of an elite over other Europeans
## Footnote
This was supported by similar arguments used in colonial contexts.
