Colonialism/Fascism/Cinema

Question 1

What were some internal issues post unification/Risorgimento?

Answer 1

No “standard” Italian, poverty, death, famine, radicalization of poor (South)

Question 2

Why did millions of Italian emigrate?

Answer 2

For better lives in the Americas

Question 3

Why was colonization popular post unification/Risorgimento and what effect did it have on Italy?

Answer 3

Italy wanted to be like the great powers and considered the colonies their birthright, colonies didn’t generate wealth and used resources Italy didn’t have

Question 4

What does the term “making Italians” refer to?

Answer 4

It refers to the feelings of failed nationality, Italians eventually felt more “italian”abroad than in Italy

Question 5

What as the southern question and what significance did it have on Italy?

Answer 5

The south was the problem or issue that had to be resolved post-unification, extremely poor, racialized, no economic growth or social mobility

Question 6

What were the Italian colonies?

Answer 6

Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia, Dodecanese Islands, Somalia, Albania

Question 7

What was race in Italy?

Answer 7

Race dictated whether someone was born a criminal or not, southerners born criminals

Question 8

What was Italy’s role in WWI?

Answer 8

Italy joined WWI on the losing side, switched sides with Treaty of Versailles

Question 9

What was the mutilated victory?

Answer 9

Italy didn’t get all that was promised to it in the Treaty of Versailles, many Italians die/lose limbs

Question 10

How did Italians react to the mutilated victory?

Answer 10

Soldiers coming back continued to fight, created havoc, the need to get more

Question 11

Who is Gabriel d’Annunzio and what was his significance?

Answer 11

The “first Duce”, created fascist salutes, chants, and propaganda, one of Mussolini’s templates

Question 12

What were the diasporas and what were they divided into?

Answer 12

Groups of migrants: elite, exiles, and labor migrants

Question 13

What are some key aspects of fascism?

Answer 13

Ultra-nationalism, focus on the masses, totalitarian (top-down), violence, obedience

Question 14

Who is Mussolini?

Answer 14

Prime minister, fascist dictator

Question 15

Who is Matteotti and how did he influence Mussolini’s rule?

Answer 15

Socialist deputy, called out corruption in fascism “and now I write my funeral”, caused Mussolini’s public opinion to get worse

Question 16

What are fasces and what do they represent?

Answer 16

A bundle of rods with an axe attached, represents force through unity, became the symbol for fascism

Question 17

Who wrote the Doctrine of Fascism and what does it describe?

Answer 17

Mussolini wrote it, outlines how fascism should work: spiritual, ultranationalist, rejection of other ideologies, totalitarian

Question 18

How did Mussolini come into power?

Answer 18

Mutilated victory, The March on Rome, Mussolini and his men overtook the current government

Question 19

What were the Lateran Accords?

Answer 19

A treaty between Mussolini’s gov and the church, made the pope no longer a prisoner

Question 20

What is aesthetic pluralism?

Answer 20

Fascism architecture aesthetic, back to classics + nothing can be too modern, nationalist, large scale

Question 21

Who is Marcello Piacenti

Answer 21

Fascist architect, huge number of commissions, made the EUR district

Question 22

How did Mussolini treat cinema?

Answer 22

Mussolini endorsed cinema during the fascist era, propaganda, built a film university, production boomed, nationalism = dubbing of outside films

Question 23

How does colonization develop during the fascist era?

Answer 23

It becomes much nastier, some colonies “annexed” (become part of Italy, not own territory), Italians lied to regarding colonies (info suppressed)

Question 24

Who is King Victor Emmanuel III?

Answer 24

Son of King Victor Emmanuel II, “Emperor of Ethiopia”, he made Mussolini prime minister

Question 25

What are the colony atrocities?

Answer 25

Libya (concentration camps/mass death)
Ethiopia (chemical weapons, mustard gas, gov doesn’t admit for 60 yrs)

Question 26

Who is Graziani?

Answer 26

The “butcher” in both Libya and Ethiopia

Question 27

Who is Badoglio?

Answer 27

Large perpetrator in colonies

Question 28

Describe Italian silent cinema

Answer 28

Post WWI, major force, foreign comp almost destroys industry

Question 29

Who was a great director during silent cinema?

Answer 29

Pastrone

Question 30

Describe Italian neorealism in film

Answer 30

Portrays working class, filmed on location, nonprofessional actors, documentary style

Question 31

Name a neorealist director

Answer 31

Rossellini

Question 32

Describe spaghetti western films

Answer 32

Revived American western genre, very macho, Leone director

Question 33

Describe film post neorealism and who was a famous director?

Answer 33

Critical of post/current Italy, social criticism, criticizes corruption, Pasolini director

Question 34

Name two Italian films

Answer 34

La Dolce Vita and The Leopard

Question 35

What was the bombing of Rome and its significance?

Answer 35

The bombing of war shifted WWII, people lost faith in fascism, Mussolini was arrested

Question 36

What happened to Mussolini after his arrest?

Answer 36

He was “saved” by the Germans and started his second government, the Italian Social Republic

Question 37

What did Mussolini’s second government prompt?

Answer 37

Civil war, the RSI and the Germans fought against Italy and the Allies

Question 38

What were the racial laws?

Answer 38

Discriminated against jews, deported as soon as they were able to, discriminated against Africans in colonies

Question 39

Describe Mussolini’s death

Answer 39

He was caught with mistress while fleeing, executed, and hung upside down

Question 40

What did Italy look like immediately post WWII?

Answer 40

Political stabilization, economic recovery, lost colonies w/o decolonization

Question 41

Who are some fascist figures?

Answer 41

D’Annunzio (First Duce), Mussolini (dictator, Piacenti (architect),

Question 42

Who were the main perpetuators in Ethiopia and Libya?

Answer 42

Badoglio and Graziani (butcher)