Colstridum

Question 1

Characteristics of cl.difficile

Answer 1

gram + bacilli with ……
Anareobic
Motile
No capsulated
Proteolytic

Question 2

Disease of cl difficile

Answer 2

antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis

Question 3

Virulence factors of cl.difficile

Answer 3

1. Exotoxin A (enterotoxin):

Cause diarrhea and abdominal pain.

2. Exotoxin B (cytotoxin) death of the enterocytes, inflammation and fibrosis which as pseudo membrane.

Question 4

Pathogenesis of cl.difficile

Answer 4

Uncontrolled antibiotic therapy (specially lincomycin and clindamycin)

Question 5

Diagnosis diff

Answer 5

1. ELISA
2. PCR
3. Cytotoxicity test

Question 6

Treatment of diffic

Answer 6

( 1. Stop the causative antibiotic.

2. Drug against Clostridium Difficile.

● Metronidazole (can be used against any anaerobic bacteria)

● Oral Vancomycin (The only indication for the oral vancomycin is for Clostridium Difficile)

3. Fidaxomicin (prevents the disease and the relapse of the disease)
4. Fecal bacteriotherapy 5. If the person has toxic megacolon -> Surgical resection of the colon

Question 7

Characteristics of Clostridium Perfringens

Answer 7

● Obligate anaerobe

● Gram +ve bacilli

● Spore-forming

● Non-motile

● capsulated

Question 8

disease caused perfri.

Answer 8

1. Food poisoning
2. Gas Gangrene

Question 9

➢Virulence Factors perfri.

Answer 9

1. Alpha toxin
2. Alpha and beta hemolysin

Question 10

➢Predisposing Factors perfri

Answer 10

1. Diabetes
2. Wounds
3. Accidents
4. Atherosclerosis

Question 11

Culture perifri

Answer 11

● Blood agar (double zone of hemolysis)

● Egg-yolk agar (contains phospholipids)

● RCMM

Question 12

➢Treatment perfri

Answer 12

1. Complete surgical debridement of the wound until bleeding occurs
2. Administer Antitoxins
3. Administer antibiotics (Metronidazole or Penicillin G)

Question 13

Clostridium Botulinum characteristics

Answer 13

● Gram +ve bacilli

● Spore-forming

● Obligate anaerobes

● Motile

● Uncapsulated

Question 14

disease caused in botu

Answer 14

Botulism (food poisoning but has neurological manifestations.)

1. Adult (food borne) botulism.
2. Infantile botulism
3. Wound botulism

Question 15

The food associated with adult botulism, infantile botulism

Answer 15

canned food, honey

Question 16

➢Pathogenesis of botu

Answer 16

Prevention of Acetylcholine release in NMJ

Question 17

➢Treatment of botu

Answer 17

1. Respiratory support
2. Trivalent antitoxin. To Adult Botulinum (No bacteria)
3. Infantile botulism -> Penicillin (Bacteria)

Question 18

1Cause of infantile botulism
2Cause of wound and food borne botulism

Answer 18

1organism

2toxin

Question 19

Clostridium tetani Characteristics

Answer 19

Anaerobic, gram +ve rod+ terminal spore
Motile, non-capsulated Mainly proteolytic

Question 20

Virulence factors of tetani

Answer 20

. Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)

2. Tetanolysin (Hemolysin)

Question 21

Transmission of tetani

Answer 21

Wound or skin popping ممكن زول سكري برضو
يكون ضربو مسمار في رجلو 😂😂

Question 22

Pathogenesis of tetani

Answer 22

1. Descending (faster) :

Toxin -> Blood -> Brain -> Spinal Cord

2. Ascending: Toxin ->Nerve -> Brain

Question 23

➢Mechanism of action of Tetanus Toxin

Answer 23

The toxin binds ganglioside receptors and block the release of inhibitory mediators (Glycine and GABA) = excitation -> contraction

Question 24

➢

Signs and symptoms of tetani

Answer 24

Spastic paralysis (hypertonia)

1. Locked Jaw (trismus)
2. Risus Sardonicus (masked face)
3. Hyperexcitability (hyperreflexia)
4. Opisthotonos (Arching of the back)
5. Convulsions
6. Respiratory Failure

Question 25

1 .Treatment of tetani 2.Prevention

Answer 25

1. Maintain the airways and respiratory support 2. Isolate the patient in quite room (without light) to avoid hyperexitability. 3. Sedation (e.g., diazepam / Valium) should be given to prevent spasms & hyperexitability 4. Surgical debridement of the affected wound 5. Tetanus immunoglobulin is given to neutralize the toxin. 6. Benzyl penicillin or Metronidazole is also given ➢ Prevention 1. immunization with tetanus toxoid in childhood and every 10 years thereafter 2. When trauma or injury occurs, the wound should be cleaned, and tetanus toxoid booster should be given. 3. If the wound is grossly contaminated, tetanus immune globulin, as well as the toxoid booster, should be given and penicillin administered

Question 26

What antibiotics has been moot frequently implicated in the production of the pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Answer 26

lincomycin and clindamycin